Nuclear imaging

Cardiac nuclear imaging using Tc -red blood cells can measure the fraction of blood pumped by the heart during each beat. Tc -DTPA and sodium (9-iodohippurate, C H INNaO, are used to measure renal function of the kidney. The enhanced or diminished uptake of... 

Nuclear imaging techniques, like single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), directly assess myocardial perfusion, cell membrane integrity, cellular metabolism, and the molecular mechanisms of ischemic viable or necrotic myocardium, thereby indicating revascularization procedures or not. 

For patients with chronic CAD, nuclear imaging is essential for addressing the following major clinical issues (i) detection of ischemic myocardium, (ii) differentiation between viable hibernating or stunned myocardium and scar tissue in mechanically dysfunctional regions, and (ill) risk stratification for future major adverse events. Such information provides the basis for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery and assessing their outcomes based on detection of residual ischemia and recovery of contractile function. 

Mule JD, Martinelli E. Assessment of dyssynchrony in patients with severe heart failure by nuclear imaging paradise lost and regained or lost and gone forever [Review, 39 refs]. Ital. Heart J. 2005 6 96-105. 

Burns, H.D., Gibson, R.E., Dannals, R.F. Nuclear Imaging in Drug Discovery, Development, and Approval. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1993, pp. 11-31. 

Nuclear imaging [198] X-ray imaging [199,200] Nuclear magnetic resonance [200,201]... 

The next step is to develop approaches for positioning the objects in the appropriate locations in the cell. Encouraging preliminary work has demonstrated the feasibility of modeling patterns of proteins that are primarily in discrete objects (such as lyso-somes) (Zhao and Murphy in preparation). This method begins with synthesizing a nuclear image and a cellular boundary. The protein objects are then positioned in the synthesized cell. 

The thematic Chemical Reviews issue on metals in medicine from 1999 contains several thorough reviews on X-ray, MRI, and nuclear imaging probes. These reviews are cited here (Refs. 5, 6, 29, 36) and provide an excellent background on these topics and a good point from which to appreciate current literature. 

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