Resistance discharge devices

This is required to determine the suitability of the resistance of the discharge device to ensure that it discharges a charged capacitor unit or bank at to... 

Medium Pressure Axial Screw Extruders Axial screw extruders normalty operate with low (see Section 8.4.1) or high (see Section 8.4.3) pressure. The basic principle of an axial screw extruder was shown in Fig. 6.4b.1 (Chapter 6) and Fig. 8.24 (Section 8.4.1). The pressure that is developed by the screw(s) depends on the power of the drive and the frictional resistance in the extrusion channel or other discharge device. Axial screw extruders that rely solely on the pressure developed by the rotating screw(s) employ hydrostatic pressure as the driving mechanism for extrusion. Such machines generally use high pressure. However, under certain conditions and for specific applications, some can be classified as medium-pressure agglomerators. 

Unlike many gas discharge devices, vacurrm ares have a positive resistance characteristic that is, the are voltage... 

The layer width is taken from the relation d > 1,5 dg, where dg - thickness of a gas discharge gap. The employment of a resistive layer instead of electrode profiling can significantly simplify the device manufacture. The UV radiation is efficiently converted into a visible one by a number of photo-luminophors, e.g. Zn2Si04 Mn. For stroboscopic registration of fast-proceeding processes the luminophors with short period of luminescence are used, e.g anthracene etc. 

Semiconductor devices ate affected by three kinds of noise. Thermal or Johnson noise is a consequence of the equihbtium between a resistance and its surrounding radiation field. It results in a mean-square noise voltage which is proportional to resistance and temperature. Shot noise, which is the principal noise component in most semiconductor devices, is caused by the random passage of individual electrons through a semiconductor junction. Thermal and shot noise ate both called white noise since their noise power is frequency-independent at low and intermediate frequencies. This is unlike flicker or ///noise which is most troublesome at lower frequencies because its noise power is approximately proportional to /// In MOSFETs there is a strong correlation between ///noise and the charging and discharging of surface states or traps. Nevertheless, the universal nature of ///noise in various materials and at phase transitions is not well understood. 

Electrostatic precipitators are satisfactory devices for removing small particles from moving gas streams at high collection efficiencies. They have been used almost universally in power plants for removing fly ash from the gases prior to discharge. Electrostatic precipitators have the capability of fine particulate control. Resistivity plays an important role in determining whether a particle can be readily collected in this device. 

The discharge pressure developed hy the compressor must he equal to the process gas s total system resistance, of control valves, hand valves, orifices, heat exchangers, and any other process-related devices through which the discharge gas from the compressor must flow. As this resistance changes, the gas flow through the compressor will automatically adjust itself to equal the new resistance. ... 

First and foremost these venting ducts should be as straight as possible, with few, if any elbows, and even these should be sweeping bends. There should be no valves of any type to keep flow resistance as low as possible, as this creates friction that creates backpressure on the relief device and raises burst conditions, which can be terribly dangerous. Figure 7-66 and 7-67 are used to assess the increased pressure due to ducts on relief discharge as affected by duct length. (This data is limited. See Ref. [56 and 53].)... 

The Subpart O standards apply to units that treat or destroy hazardous waste and which meet the definition of an incinerator. An incinerator is any enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, sludge dryer, carbon regeneration unit, or industrial furnace. Typical incinerators1 2 3 include rotary kilns, liquid injectors, fixed hearth units, and fluidized bed incinerators (Table 23.1). The definition of an incinerator also includes units that meet the definition of an infrared incinerator or plasma arc incinerator. An infrared incinerator is any enclosed device that uses electric-powered resistance as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. A plasma arc incinerator is any enclosed device that uses a high-intensity electrical discharge as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. 

A plasma torch is a tubular device that converts electricity into heat via the resistance of a plasma. Plasma is a fourth state of matter an ionized gas resulting, e.g., from electric discharges. The application of Plasma Pyrolysis with Vitrification (PPV) to municipal waste disposal causes the gasification and molecular dissociation of organic matter at the... 

Since the polyelectrolytes contain only one type of mobile ion, the interpretation of conductivity data is greatly simplified. Polyelectrolytes have significant advantages for applications in electrochemical devices such as batteries. Unlike polymer-salt complexes, polyelectrolytes are not susceptible to the build up of a potentially resistive layer of high or low salt concentration at electrolyte-electrolyte interfaces during charging and discharging. Unfortunately flexible polyelectrolyte films suitable for use in devices have not yet been prepared. 

The aqueous batteries use water based electrolytes (e.g., KOH electrolyte for NiCd and NiMH and H2-SO4 electrolyte for lead acid), which are less resistive then nonaqueous electrolytes. Polyolefin materials are generally suitable for use in the manufacture of separators for these batteries, but they are not inherently wettable by aqueous electrolytes. Such electrolytes are therefore unable to penetrate the pores of a separator formed from such a material, so that ion migration through the pores in solution will not occur without modification. This problem is sometimes overcome by treating the polyolefin material with a surfactant, which allows an aqueous electrolyte to wet the material. However, such surfactant can be removed from the surfaces of the polyolefin material when electrolyte is lost from the device, for example during charging and discharging cycles, and it is not subsequently replaced on the material when the electrolyte is replenished. 

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