Disaccharides table

According to Birch and Lindley (8(>) the sweetness of sugars decreases with increasing molecular weight. Ve therefore considered only mono- and disaccharides. Table XXII gives the results. 

These acids were coupled to the appropriate olefinic alcohols and subsequent cyclization produced a small library of differentially-linked (i-D-C-disaccharides (Table 4). The yields for the two-step procedure are good and entry 1 gives a side-by-side yield comparison of both catalysts. In essence, we were able to walk around the ring and install acid functionality at any carbon atom and selectively prepare the corresponding C-disaccharide (18). 

Any method which can supply the inducer slowly to the growing organism will reduce catabolite repression and result in enhanced enzyme yields. Esters of the inducer have the necessary properties, provided that the organism possesses an appropriate esterase. The esters of inducing disaccharides (Table 3) are considerably more potent than the disaccharides themselves, presumably because the esters do not repress. Glycosides of the dimers may possibly induce, but ethers, because of their resistance to breakdown, would not be expected to do so. 

Among the various types of sugars marketed, the mass consumption of sucrose far outweighs by volume the consumption of other products. Sucrose, also called table sugar, is a disaccharide which, upon hydrolysis, yields two monosaccharides glucose and fmctose. Various types of sugar vary in sweetness (1). 

Sucrose, in contrast, is a disaccharide of almost universal appeal and tolerance. Produced by many higher plants and commonly known as table sugar, it is one of the products of photosynthesis and is composed of fructose and glucose. Sucrose has a specific optical rotation, of +66.5°, but an... 

Table 23.2 gives the relative sweetness of the mono- and disaccharides considered here, along with sucrose substitutes. 

The two sugars we have discussed are monosaccharides—they have a single, simple sugar unit in each molecule. The sugar on your table is a disaccharide—it has two units. One molecule of sucrose contains one molecule of glucose and one of fructose hooked together (losing a... 

In contrast with the monotonous monosaccharide repeat and the same type of linkage in the polysaccharide structures (1 to 21) described in Sections IV and V, this section deals with rather more complex polymers (23 to 39), which are composed of disaccharide repeats. Further, combining two types of linkages enhances the formation of exotic morphologies not amenable to the former set. The sequence listed in Table II is referred to as -A-B- in Table V while listing... 

The side chains in the latter are flexible disaccharides on account of poor-quality diffraction patterns, their tentative molecular structures are known only from computer modeling.1" On the other hand, well-defined crystal structures are available for gellan and welan, and they can be correlated with the physical properties of the polysaccharides the details are presented here. Their conformation angles are listed in Table VI. 

The E. coli M41 mutant CPS (46) has a complex chemical sequence. Its repeating unit is an anionic hexamer a tetrasaccharide -A-B-C-D- in the main chain and a disaccharide -F-E- side chain, E attached to C (Table II). Polycrystalline and oriented fibers of the sodium salt of 46 have produced good diffraction data, with reflections up to 3 A resolution. Careful X-ray analysis60 has shown that the polymer forms a left-handed, smooth and sinuous, 2-fold helix of pitch 30.4 A. As shown in Fig. 39a, the main chain is fairly close to the helix axis. A notable observation is that side chain E-F, turned up toward the non-re-... 

The physiologically important disaccharides are maltose, sucrose, and lactose (Table 13-4 Figure 13-11). Hydrolysis of sucrose yields a mixture of glucose and... 

Taste studies of reducing disaccharides containing a reducing ketose residue have also been conducted (see Table XV). In contrast to the aldoses, results obtained with palatinose (36), maltulose (37), lactulose... 

Some disaccharides serve as soluble energy sources for animals and plants, whereas others are important because they are intermediates in the decomposition of polysaccharides. A major energy source for humans is sucrose, which is common table sugar. Sucrose contains a-glucose linked to j6-fructose. About 80 million tons of sucrose are produced each year. Of that, 60% comes from sugar cane and 40% comes from sugar beets. Example treats a disaccharide that is an energy source for insects. 

The Enzymes II (E-IIs) of the phosphoenolpyruvate (P-enolpyruvate)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) are carbohydrate transporters found only in prokaryotes. They not only transport hexoses and hexitols, but also pentitols and disaccharides. The PTS substrates are listed in Table I. The abbreviations used (as superscripts) throughout the text for these substrates are as follows Bgl, jS-gluco-side Cel, cellobiose Fru, fructose Glc, glucose Gut, glucitol Lac, lactose Man, mannose Mtl, mannitol Nag, iV-acetylglucosamine Scr, sucrose Sor, sorbose Xtl, xylitol. 

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