Diptheria

Research on an hCG vaccine has been conducted over the past 15 years. WHO has conducted a phase I clinical study in AustraUa, using a vaccine based on a synthetic C-terminal peptide (109—141) of P-hCG conjugated to Diptheria Toxoid (CTP-DT), that showed potentially effective contraceptive levels of antibodies were produced in vaccinated women without any adverse side effects. Phase II clinical studies are under consideration to determine if the immune response, raised to its prototype anti-hCG vaccine, is capable of preventing pregnancy in fertile women volunteers (115). While research on the C-terminal peptide from the P-subunit of hCG has been carried out under the auspices of WHO, research supported by the Population Council and the National Institutes of Health has involved two alternative vaccine candidates (109,116,118). 

Crush injuries and those greater than 1 cm in depth are at risk for tetanus. A tetanus and diptheria toxoid booster (Td) should be administered to any patient who has not received... 

Available killed vaccines include acellular pertussis, anthrax, botulism, cholera, diptheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), influenza, Lyme disease, meningococcus, pertussis, plague, pneumococcus, polio, rabies, tetanus, typhoid, and typhoid VI. 

Precipitation by ethanol in the cold was used effectively by J.Mellanby in 1908 to obtain diptheria antitoxin two years later Hardy and Gardiner reported the precipitation of plasma proteins by cold ethanol or acetone. The resulting proteins remained soluble in water, i.e. they were not denatured, and subsequent estimation of protein as nitrogen was helped by the use of nitrogen-free precipitants. Separations using organic solvents were considerably extended by Edsall,... 

Examples are diphtheria and tetanus vaccines. Diphtheria vaccine is produced by formaldehyde treatment of the toxin secreted by Corynebacterium diptheriae. Similarly, tetanus vaccine is obtained from toxins of cultured Clostridium tetani that has been treated with formaldehyde. 

Plague Lyme disease Perstussis Diptheria/tetanus/pertnssis (acellular) Hemophilus influenza b Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningococcal... 

There has been some controversy concerning the DPT combination shot. Of the three antigens in this mixture the pertussis is the only bacterial agent. It can cause an active infection. The CDC recommends using a safer agent - DtaP - which may contain smaller doses of the diptheria or pertussis toxiods. 

M3 has two domains an N-terminal domain and a G-terminal domain, each composed of elaborated / -sandwiches with closest structural homologies to the G-terminal receptor binding domain of diptheria toxin, and the V-type Ig-fold, respectively. It exits in solution as a head to tail dimer, which leads to the formation of a cleft between the N-terminal domain of one subunit and the G-terminal domain of the other. Ghemokines bind within each cleft, thus forming a 2 2 complex. Figure lOA shows a surface... 

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HBEGF) Diptheria toxin TM... 

Love JF, vander Spek JC, Marin V, Guerrero L, Logan TM, Murphy JR. Genetic and biophysical smdies of diptheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and the hyperactive mutant DtxR(E175K) support a multistep model of activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004 101 2506-2511. 

Diptheria catalyzes ADP ribosylation of a His in eEF iiihibiting translocation. A few micrograms can kill a human being. 

Aluminum adjuvants are universally used in diptheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines and in most hepatitis B vaccines and have an excellent safety record. They are not ideal adjuvants, however, because the enhancement of the immune response is relatively weak, they are not effective with all antigens, and, most important, they only enhance the humoral (type 2) immune response and have little effect on the cell-mediated (type 1) immune response. 

Boquet, P, Popoff, MR, Giry, M efal. (1995) Inhibition of p21 rho in intact cells by C3 diptheria toxin chimera proteins. In Methods in Enzymology (Balch WE, Der CJ and Hall A eds) Vol 256, pp297-306, San Diego, Academic Press. 

A-B Toxins are bacterial toxins composed of two peptide chains one (B) that binds to the invaded cell surface, and the other (A) containing the toxin which is then taken-up into the cell. Some examples of exotoxins secreted by the bacteria into the surrounding medium and highly toxic to certain tissues are pathogens causing botuiism (Clostridium botulinum), tetanus (Clostridium tetani) and diptheria (Corynebacterium diphtheria. An example of an A-B endotoxin is Vibrio cholerae. Botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin have their main toxic actions on neuronal tissues, so are described at NEUROTOXINS. 

Northrup, John H. (1891-1987). An American chemist who won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1946 along with Sumner and Stanley. His work was primarily concerned with isolation and crystallization of enzymes. Many firsts included the production of the enzyme trypsin in the laboratory and isolation of the first bacterial virus. He was also responsible for producing diptheria antitoxin in crystalline form. His education was at eastern schools including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. 

Rocchi P, Ferreri AM, Borgia R, et al. 1980. Polycyclic hydrocarbons induction of diptheria toxin-resistant mutants in human cells. Carcinogenesis 1 765-767. 

Many toxins interfere with intracellular functions. The best-characterized of these are diphtheria toxin and cholera toxin, produced by the bacteria Corynebacterium diptheriae and Vibrio cholerae, respectively. Both of these toxins contain two subunits, called A and B. The A subunit is responsible for the toxic effect, whereas the B subunit binds to the target cell. Once diphtheria toxin has entered the target cell, the A and B subunits split apart. The A subunit, which is an enzyme, catalyzes a reaction that prevents protein synthesis. The cell dies because it cannot synthesize proteins. The host organisms dies because cardiac, kidney, and nervous tissue are destroyed. 

Currently, th.program includes vaccines for measles, mumps, polio, rubella, and diptheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT). The law prohibits anyone from seeking awards of more than 1,000 or for an unspecified amount though civil litigation without frost filing a petition for compensation with the U.S. Claims Court and the Secretary of DHHS. 

Puromycin Prokaryotes, eukaryotes Tetracycline Prokaryotes ChloramphenicolProkaryotes Streptomycin Prokaryotes Diptheria toxin Eukaryotes Ricin Eukaryotes... 

Table 13.1 shows a list of some bacteria with the number of CYPs associated with their genomes to date. Most striking are the number and diversity seen among actinomycetes such as strep-tomycetes and mycobacteria, although some actinomycetes, such as Corynebacterium diptheriae, have no CYPs. Much of the CYP diversity is likely to be due to their role in secondary metabolism, as is true in the filamentous gram-negative... 

As mentioned earlier, many bacteria, including within the actinomycetes C. diptheriae, possess... 

A number of pathogenic bacteria produce bacterial toxins that are ADP-ribosyl transferases (NAD+-glycohydrolases). These enzymes hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond of NAD+ and transfer the ADP-ribose portion to a specific amino acid residue on a protein in the affected human cell. Cholera A-B toxin, a pertussis toxin, and a diptheria toxin are all ADP-ribo-syl transferases. 

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