Diphtheroid

Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus Micrococci Diphtheroids... 

Duodenum/jejunum 103-105 Lactobacillus Streptococcus sp. Enterococcus Enterobacteriaceae Diphtheroids Few anaerobes... 

In healthy individuals URT flora multiplies in gastric aspirate during treatment with antisecretory compounds and in particular proton pump inhibitors [34, 40, 44], This concerns viridans streptococci, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Haemophilus sp., diphtheroids, Moraxella sp., lactobacilli, and other streptococci, most of which are Gram-positive bacteria. With dedicated measures anaerobic species of oral origin are also recovered [66]. 

Caution must be used in the evaluation of positive culture results from normally sterile sites (e.g., blood, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid). The recovery of bacteria normally found on the skin in large quantities (e.g., coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids) from one of these sites may be a result of contamination of the specimen rather than a true infection. 

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive, diphtheroid-like organism and is responsible for 8% of all reported cases of meningitis. The disease affects primarily neonates, alcoholics, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. 

Peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis is most often caused by common skin organisms Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, streptococci, and diphtheroids. 

In rabbits with undemutrition due to a shortage of calories there was a depressed agglutinin production against typhoid vaccine (C3, R4). A similar incapacity to produce antibodies to typhoid vaccine was reported in children with severe protein malnutrition (Bll). During treatment of 5 children, mean age 24 months, with chronic primary malnutrition, it was observed that their response to a single standard dose of 100 imits of purified diphtheroid toxoid was small and slow. Furthermore there was no correlation between specific antibody response and serum protein levels (02). 

Diphtheroid-yancomyan is effective for diphtheroid endocarditis, and has been used successfully with rifampin, an aminoglycoside, or both in early onset prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidls or diphtheroids. 

It is a glycopeptide antibiotic and primarily active against gram positive bacteria, strains of Staph, aureus which are resistant to methicillin are inhibited by vancomycin. It is also effective against Strep, viridans, enterococcus, Clostridium dijficile and diphtheroids. 

Vancomycin is particularly useful in infections caused by meticillin-resistant or penicillinase-producing staphylococci and diphtheroids, as well as in the prophylaxis of bacterial endocarditis and in the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis. Sufficient fecal concentrations can be achieved with oral therapy. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and painful when injected intramuscularly. It diffuses moderately well into bone tissue (6). 

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive diphtheroid-like organism responsible for 8% of all reported cases of meningitis. This disease primarily affects neonates, alcoholics, immunocompromised adults, and the elderly. Infections caused by Listeria in healthy individuals are extremely rare. L. monocytogenes is implicated in 20% of meningitis cases in those older than 60 years of age and carries a case-fatality rate of approximately 15%. ... 

Proximal small bowel Streptococcus (including enterococci), E. coli, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, diphtheroids 100 Few... 

E. coli most commonly causes chronic bacterial prostatitis, with other gram-negative organisms isolated less frequently. The importance of gram-positive organisms in chronic bacterial prostatitis remains controversial. S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and diphtheroids have been isolated in some studies. 

If this patient had been 82 years old and the Gram stain of the smear of cerebrospinal fluid had revealed gram-positive rods resembling diphtheroids, the antibiotic regimen for empiric treatment would include... 

The presence of diphtheroid-like gram-positive rods in the cerebrospinal fluid smear of an 82-year-old patient is indicative of the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. In addition to their role as a potential causative agent in neonatal meningitis, listeria infections are more common in elderly patients and in those who have been treated with immunosuppressive agents. Treatment consists of ampicillin with or without gentamicin. Resistant strains are rare. The answer is (A). 

Resident flora—organisms considered to be permanent residents on the skin including coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids, Propioni-bacterium and Acinetobacter species, as well as some members of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group. 

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