Diphenylene

Estimated HCl production during isocyanate manufacture represents net HCl. This value excludes HCl consumed ia the reaction process to make methylene diphenylene diamine (MDA) and polymethylene polyamine (PMPPA) iatermediates ia the production of 4,4 -methylenebis(phenyHsocyanate) (MDl) and polymethylene polyphenyHsocyanate (PMPPl). 

Af,Af-dicyclohexyl-benzothiazole-sulfenamide (DCBS), cobalt naphthenate, and diaryl-p-diphenylene-amine (each 1 phr). 

Poly(diphenylene ether) sulfones DMSO-dg, chloroform-di 100... 

Evidence for the formation of alkyl and aryl radicals in some cases following loss of SO2 (Scheme 1) has been obtained. Thus, a small amount of M-pentane was formed in the decomposition of M-pentanesulphonyl azide in mineral oil ). Thermolysis of diphenyl sulphone-2-sulphonyl azide (8) in dodecane at 150 °C gave diphenyl sulphone 9 (27%) and diphenyl sulphone-2-sulphonamide 10 (9%) which arise by hydrogen abstraction by the aryl radical and sulphonyl nitrene, respectively. When this thermolysis was carried out in Freon E-4 at 150 °C, the products were diphenylene sulphone 77 (1.3%) (Pshorr-type cyclization product of the aryl radical) and 10 (1.5%) together with tars 16h Ferro-... 

Calcium oxalate monohydrate responsible for the formation of most kidney stones significantly increased mitochondrial superoxide production in renal epithelial cells [42], Recombinant human interleukin IL-(3 induced oxygen radical generation in alveolar epithelial cells, which was suppressed by mitochondrial inhibitors 4 -hydroxy-3 -methoxyacetophe-none and diphenylene iodonium [43]. Espositio et al. [44] found that mitochondrial oxygen radical formation depended on the expression of adenine nucleotide translocator Anti. Correspondingly, mitochondria from skeletal muscle, heart, and brain from the Antl-deficient mice sharply increased the production of hydrogen peroxide. 

Effects of the flavoprotein inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium sulfate, on ex vivo organic nitrate tolerance in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 293 (2000), p. 569-577... 

Rd stands for the usual substituents for diazo components (see, for instance, Sec. 2.6.1). However, it may also comprise additional carbonamide groups, connected via phenyl moieties. In commercially important pigments, A commonly represents a phenylene or a diphenylene group, and n is any number between 1 and 3. This general structure also covers orange and brown pigments. 

In most terrestrial plant-pathogen interactions a diphenylene-iodonium (DPI)-sensitive (O Donnell et al. 1993), membrane-located, and receptor-activated NADPH oxidase generates superoxide radicals (Levine et al. 1994 Doke and Miura 1995 Lamb and Dixon 1997 Bolwell et al. 1998), which eventually dis-mutate into H202 and 02 (Sutherland 1991). Apoplastic peroxidases (Bolwell et al. 1998 Martinez et al. 1998), as well as various oxidases such as oxalate oxidase (Zhang et al. 1995 Thordal-Christensen et al. 1997) or amine oxidase (Laurenzi et al. 2001 Rea et al. 2002), have also been identified as sources of ROS in higher plants. 

The molecular species responsible for luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescence are not fully defined. Clearly, luminol chemiluminescence requires the combined activities of both the NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase inhibitors of either enzyme (e.g. diphenylene iodonium for the oxidase and salicylhydroxamic acid for myeloperoxidase) completely prevent luminol... 

Duchenne muscular dystrophy dimethyl formamide 5,5-dimethyl-1 -pyrroline-1 -oxide deoxynucleic acid diphenylene iodonium endothelium-derived relaxing factor epidermal growth factor early growth phase response gene ethyleneglycol- bis- (p- aminoethyl)-N,N,N, N -tetraacetic acid... 

Carr, R.H. Jackson, A.T. PreUminary MALDI-TOF and Field Desorption Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Polymeric Methylene Diphenylene Diisocyanate, Its Amine Precursor and a Model Polyedier Prepolymer. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 72,2047-2050. 

Synonyms AI3-00039 AIDS-18166 (l,r-Biphenyl)-2,2 -diyl oxide Biphenylene oxide 2,2 -Biphenylene oxide CCRIS 1436 CPD-926 Dibenzo[Ac/ furan Dibenzol[Ac/ furan Diphenylene oxide EINECS 205-071-3 NSC 1245. 

DIPT, see Isopropyl ether Dipentyl, see Decane Diphenyl, see Biphenyl 1,1 -Diphenyl, see Biphenyl 4,4 -Diphenylenediamine, see Benzidine p,p -Diphenylenediamine, see Benzidine Diphenylenemethane, see Fluorene o-Diphenylenemethane, see Fluorene Diphenylene oxide, see Dibenzofuran Diphenyl ether, see Phenyl ether s/m-Diphenylhydrazine, see 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine lV,A/ -Diphenylhydrazine, see 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Diphenylnitrosamine, see IV-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl-lV-nitrosamine, see IV-Nitrosodiphenylamine A,lV-Diphenylnitrosamine, see IV-Nitrosodiphenylamine A,Al-Diphenyl-lV-nitrosamine, see IV-Nitrosodiphenylamine Diphenyl oxide, see Phenyl ether Diphenyltrichloroethane, see p,p -DDT Diphosphoric acid, tetraethyl ester, see Tetraethyl pyrophosphate... 

The currently accepted name for (1) in Chemical Abstracts is dibenzothiophene, although biphenylene, diphenylene, or biphenylylene sulfide are still used, especially in the Russian literature. Occasionally 9-thia-fluorene is used and recently, in one instance, dibenzo[6,d]thiophene. An alternative numbering system for (1) is met with on occasions in which C-4 is taken as C-1, as in carbazole. In the absenee of moleeular diagrams this system must be detected by reference to the chemistry described. For example, in a few dyestuff patents 2,7-diaminodibenzothiophene 5,5-dioxide is referred to and this is obviously the 3,7-diamino compound, also known as benzidine sulfone. 

Thianthrene is numbered as shown in 1 using current Chemical Abstracts numbering before 1937, the numbering shown in 2 was used in Chemical Abstracts. The ring positions ortho to sulfur have been termed a, and the others are termed y3. Alternative names for thianthrene, found more in older literature, are dibenzo-1,4-dithiadiene, dibenzo-1,4-dithiin, di-o-phenylene sulfide, and diphenylene disulfide. The literature also contains references to o-thianthrene this is dibenzo[c,e][l,2]dithiin, (3). 

This review is concerned with the chemistry of dibenzofuran and its derivatives. Dibenzofuran is numbered as in (1) but the system shown in (2) is widespread in the older literature as is the synonym diphenylene oxide. The last comprehensive review on this topic was by Parham and appeared in 1951. The present work covers the period up to Volume 96 of Chemical Abstracts, although the parts of Volume 97 received at the time of writing have been scanned. Reference to literature earlier than 1951 is made only where deemed appropriate. 

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