Dioxides optical properties

S.-D. Mo and W.Y. Ching, Electronic and optical properties of three phases of titanium dioxide Rutile,... 

Lindgren, T., Mwabora, J.M., Avendano, E., Jonsson, J., Hoel, A., Granqvist, C.G., and Lindquist, S.-E., Photoelectrochemical and optical properties of nitrogen doped titanium dioxide films prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering, /. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 5709, 2003. 

Many inert pigments (often known as fillers) are incorporated into paper in addition to the cellulosic fibres. They may be added to improve certain optical properties—in particular opacity and brightness—or simply as a cheap replacement for costly fibre. The two most common pigments are kaolin (china clay) and chalk (limestone), but talc and speciality pigments such as titanium dioxide are also used. The particle size for general purpose fillers is normally expressed as an equivalent spherical diameter (esd) and this is determined from sedimentation data. Values for the common paper-... 

Asanuma T, Matsutani T, Liu G, Mihara T, Kiuchi M (2004) Structural and optical properties of titanium dioxide films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering in pure oxygen plasma. J Appl Phys 95 6011-6016... 

Optical properties of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and water have not been considered, ft Author s estimate of status of studies in comparison with potential use by industry expressed on a probability scale extending from 0 to 10. 

Karvinen, S.M. (2003). The effects of trace element doping on the optical properties and photocatalytic activity of nano structured titanium dioxide. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry... 

Polyester. The most common polyester in use is derived from the homopolymer poly (ethylene terephthalate). Many types of this fiber contain a delustrant, usually titanium dioxide. Optically brightened polymers are quite common. The optical brightener, such as specially stabilized derivatives of either stilbenes or phenylcoumarins, can be added to the polyester before formation of the fiber (107). Some commercial fibers contain minor amounts of copolymerized modifier to confer such properties as basic dyeability. A wide range of polyester fibers is used for consumer end-uses. Both staple fiber and filament yarn are available. Filament yarns with noncircular cross-sections are made (107). 

It was shown that the spectroscopic detection is influenced by the varying optical properties of the solvent and by the solvatochromic behavior of the nitroaromatic compounds at different CO2 densities. These specific effects have to be known for a accurate spectroscopic identification and quantification of analytes dissolved in sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide... 

Several authors have addressed the determination of the optical properties of aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions in the context of photoreactor modeling (Brandi et al., 1999 Cabrera et al., 1996 Cured et al., 2002 Salaices et al., 2001, 2002 Satuf et al., 2005 Yokota et al., 1999). Among the determined properties are extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients, as well as the asymmetry parameter of the scattering phase function. In general the procedures involve fitting of a radiative transfer model to the experimental results for reflectance and transmittance of radiation. 

SerponcN., Emeline A. V., Kuznetsov V. N. and Ryabchuk V. K. (2008), Second generation visible-light-active photocatalysts preparation, optical properties and consequences of dopants on the band gap energy of TiOi , in Environmentally Benign Catalysts—Applications of Titanium Dioxide-Based Photocatalysts, Anpo M. and Kamat P. V., eds.. Springer, New York, publication date October 2008. 

Additives. There are many types of additives used by the papermaker to modify the physical and optical properties of the sheet. The most commonly used include kaolin and titanium dioxide for optical properties, starch for strength and rosin sizes for water repellency. All these materials can affect the electrical properties of the paper since they can eventually modify the nature of the interfiber contact as well as the fiber itself. These changes can influence the flow of charge through the sheet. 

The study of the atmospheric sulfur cycle is a rapidly expanding field because human activity provides an important sulfur dioxide source. In the atmosphere S02 is converted to sulfate containing aerosol particles which can modify the radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system, the optical properties and the precipitation forming ability24 of the air. 

Due to the success with which the guild of paint makers had fought off the encroachments of science, practically nothing had been known about the optical properties of any of the commonly used white pigments until only a very few years before the appearance of titanium dioxide, and what had been learned was little used outside of the laboratories of pigment manufacturers. 

Another interesting example of the biological influence on atmospheric chemistry is provided by sulfur. Under natural conditions, sulfur compounds in the atmosphere are provided by the oceanic emission of dimethyl disulfide (DMS). This biogenic emission results from the breakdown of sulfoniopropionate (DMSP), which is thought to be used by marine phytoplankton to control their osmotic pre.ssure. The oxidation of DMS leads to the formation of sulfur dioxide, which is further converted to sulfate particles. As indicated above, these particles, by scattering back to space some of the incoming solar radiation, tend to cool the earth s surface. Their presence also affects the optical properties of the clouds, which introduces an indirect climatic effect. 

The majority of methods for the continuous optical monitoring of gases can be divided into two groups. In the flrst, the intrinsic optical property of the gas is exploited to sense it. lypical examples include chlorine, methane, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. In the second method, an indicator is used to transduce the gas concentration into a measurable optical parameter. This approach has frequently been applied when the gas has no useful intrinsic optical property or when it is dissolved in water. Typical examples include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. 

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