Dilution liquor

The spent liquors may contain lint and residual size that can be removed by filtration. Weakly alkaline liquors represent a cost problem, however. Although limited amounts of less dilute liquor may be recycled and used in boiling-off or scouring, the major proportion becomes a rather troublesome component of the effluent load. Neutralisation simply increases the salt content of the effluent. Recovery of the alkali by vacuum evaporation is the usual procedure [282,283]. 

Apart from the laboratory studies, statistical surveys of actual recovery bmler explosions have shown that such incidents are relatively rare and, in the United States occur, on the average, about once every 100 years of boiler operation. All explosions have been traced to events which allowed water to enter the furnace and contact the smelt, e.g., broken water tubes or dilute liquor feed. A listing of the presumed causes of all known smelt-water explosions is given in Table XII. 

Heavy (6 months) Washwater from I.D. fan flowed to cascade The unit has 2 I.D. fans in parallel. One down for repair was washed, allowing water to enter cascade which diluted liquor... 

Fur dyes are applied in a bath of color, by rolling the dye onto the fur, stroking it on with a feather, or simply by touching up the tips of the guard hair. For batch production, the vessels most frequently used for wet treatment are paddles in which the fur skins float in long (dilute) liquors. 

Beverages. For wine samples dilute with water by a factor of 50—200 dilute mineral water samples as required. Dilute liquors with 50% ethanol by a factor required to bring absorbance onto the spectrometer scale. Prepare standards in identical diluent. 

Atypical HMX batch process starts with a reactor that contains acetic acid. The proper amounts of hexamine in glacial acetic acid, ammonium nitrate in nitric acid, and acetic anhydride are added in stages. The HMX slurry is transferred to the aging tanks, held for 30 min at 44°C, and pumped to a simmer tank where sufficient dilution liquor is added to reduce the concentration to 80 percent acetic acid. After dilution the temperature is raised to 110°C, to decompose undesirable by-products and to improve the filtering characteristics of the HMX. 

For the rapid determination of the quantity of glue or gelatin in dilute liquors for the control of manufacturing processes physical methods are essential. Measurements of refractive index have been found very suitable. ... 

Zinc Chloride.—This material is recovered by systematic washing of hard fibre. The diluted liquor has a density of from 16 to 20°B6., and is concentrated to from GS to 72°B6. in a double-effect evaporator which has a capacity of from 1.3 to 1.8 gal. per square foot, with a steam pressure of from 5 to 20 lb. and a vacuum of 27... 

Each of the factors in Eq. (11.3-1) can be manipulated to a certain degree however. Ihare are limitations inherent in each. Factor (a) can be minimized by backfeeding crystals to the dilute liquor stage in a multistage system or by contacting the exiling product with feed liquor (via an elutriution leg). Factor (b) is controlled by the type and speed of the liquid-solid separation device and the physical properties of the solids and liquid. Factor (c) Ib affected by lha quantity of wash employed, and factor (d) is controlled by the crystallization environment. 

The treatment of many process liquors often results in an electrochemical reaction which is under mass transport control due to the restricted convective-diffusion of species to (or from) the electrode (figure 4). This is particularly true in dilute liquors, where the bulk reactant concentration, Cg is low. The situation may be characterised by a mass transport coefficient,... 

Iglesias M., Antico E., Salvado V. Recovery of palladium(II) and gold(in) from diluted liquors using the resin Duolite GT-73. Analytical Chimica Acta 1991 381 61-67. 

In practice, however, some amount of mother liquor remains between crystals. From this state, when the liquid pressure is decreased slightly, a small amount of crystals melts at their surfaces so as to dilute impurities in the remaining liquor. And then the diluted liquor is further separated. Such a partial melt and dilution is called sweating. The sweating and the liquid removal can be carried... 

Boiler with accessories, Fuel storage, oil-firing system, air blower Supply of steam required for reaction and evaporation of dilute liquor Reaction mass can get jammed production and evaporation intenupted Steam from any other source may be used... 

Di (tridecyl) amine can also be used for the extraction of thorium from the very dilute liquor left after either ion-exchange or solvent extraction of Blind River ores. For example, in a two cycle process, tri-iso-octylamine first extracts the uranium and the di (tridecyl) amine cycle is then adjusted to remove the thorium with the minimum iron contamination. The thorium is backwashed with 1M sodium chloride-0 05M sulphuric acid solution and precipitated with ammonia. 

Campaign Duration (h) Cone Dilution Liquor Average T (°C) O2 Pressure (psig) Feed % Solids Solids Recycle (%) Cl (g/L) Ret. Time (min)... 

Table V. Autoclave Dilution Liquor Composition (Synthetic Solution)... 

Steam heating coils are installed in open vessels (the unit operates at atmospheric pressure) for evaporation of the dilute liquor. The operation can be batch type (production of alum from dilute solution). The vapours should be removed by an exhaust hood, scmbbed and coimected to a chimney through a demister to control pollution. An ID fan is to be used for this. 

The selection of SX as the purification route serves several purposes in this flow sheet. Sulfnric acid leaching of silicates yields silicic acid, Si(OH)4, in solntion which, if treated incorrectly, may form silica gel that impairs S-L separation. Leaching can be carried out so that a fairly dilute liquor is obtained, thereby minimising solnble losses of the valuable metal and avoiding silica gel formation (Matthew and... 

Walsh FC, Pletcher D, Whyte I, Millington JP (1992) Electrolytic removal of cupric ions from dilute liquors using reticulated vitreous carbon cathodes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 55 147-155... 

For efficient cementation, reaction (4.19) must progress nearly to completion at a rapid rate. In practice, the cemented metal M is not pure contamination with residual, tradteolved Mj occurs. Reaction (419) also becomes restricted by mass transport ofM" to, and from, the reaction sites, particularly during the processing of more dilute liquors. 

Ash-fusion temperature imposes an upper temperature limit, and a large amoiint of steam is needed to control the temperature at the bottom of the bed. Much of the steam passes without reacting, contributing to heat losses atnd large volume of a dilute liquor. 

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