Guard hairs

Fur dyes are applied in a bath of color, by rolling the dye onto the fur, stroking it on with a feather, or simply by touching up the tips of the guard hair. For batch production, the vessels most frequently used for wet treatment are paddles in which the fur skins float in long (dilute) liquors. 

When the dressing process is complete, the pelts emerge as shiny, silky fur and soft, supple leather. Some furs go through additional beautification steps. Coarse guard hair, for example, from beaver and Alaska fur seal, is removed by plucking. To brighten furs, fluorescent dyes are used. 

The remaining fur fiber is then sheared with revolving blades to a velvety texture. Nutria, some rabbit, and muskrat may also be sheared to imitate seal. Pointing , a process of gluing either badger or monkey guard hair into furs, adds... 

Opossums can have a body length as great as 18 in (50 cm), plus a tail of up to 21 in (54 cm). Their pelage consists of a dense unde ifur, which is variably colored black, brown, red, grey, or white, with scattered, white-tipped guard hairs. The head is light-colored, often with three dark lines extending backward from the snout. The tail is almost naked and prehensile. 

Fig. 6.3 Decapod antennules and sensilla. (a) Antennule of the crab Carcinus maenas. The aesthetascs (arrow) form a dense array on the lateral filament. Scale bar 500 pm. (b) Part of antennule of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. Unimodal aesthetascs (ae) are surrounded by bimodal guard hairs (arrows) and companion hairs (arrowheads). Scale bar 500 pm. (c) The aesthetascs on the antennule of H. gammarus are arranged in two rows (black arrows) on each annulus. The sockets of the guard and companion hairs surround the aesthetascs (white arrows). Scale bar 200 pm. (d) Part of antennule of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. There is one distal group (dg) and one proximal group (pg) of aesthetascs on each annulus. Scale bar 100 pm...

There was no noticeable thickening or thinning of the chest fur in either sex, but the short, soft, white hairs characterizing the underfur are more prevalent on the ventrum than are the longer, coarser, black-tipped guard hairs of the dorsal fur in males and females. 

Epidermal tissue of plants consists of flat cells, usually containing no chloroplasts, with a thick outer wall covered by a heavy waxy cuticle about 2 pm thick. Only a few specialized cells are found in the epidermis. Among them are the paired guard cells that surround the small openings known as stomata on the undersurfaces of leaves and control transpiration of water. Specialized cells in the root epidermis form root hairs, long extensions ( 1 mm) of diameter 5-17 pm. Each hair is a single cell with the nucleus located near the tip. 

Hair types head/trunk Terminal and vellus Guard, auchene, awl, and zigzag... 

Recently, a sexual pheromone of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii has been identified from the feeding seawater of pre- and postmolt females.113 The purified sample elicited guard behavior in male hair crabs at a dose of 2.0 mg per sponge and was composed of 13 ceramides. On the basis of detailed NMR and fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry (FAB-MS/MS) analysis, the structure of one of the major ceramides, ceramide A (49), was determined to be (26, 35,4i )-2-[(R)-2-hydroxy-21-methyldocosanoylamino]-l,3,4-pentadecane-triol.114 Similarly,... 

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