Toxicity factor, species differentiation

Sometimes PD properties are common across species, thus allowing for pertinent toxicity data to be collected from a variety of species. An example of this is granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a cytokine produced by various cells including monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells that regulates the production of neutrophils within the bone marrow, influences neutrophil proliferation and differentiation, and contributes to increased phagocytic function, respiratory burst, and antibody-dependent killing. Keller... 

An investigation of toxicity of scrap tires leachates in estuarine salinities was conducted by Hartwell et al. [31] to determine if tires are acceptable for artificial reefs. It was found that tire leachates are toxic to some marine species and their toxicity varied inversely with salinity. Toxic effects were not apparent at 25%o salinity. This may be due to differential leachability of toxic chemicals, differential interaction of salts and toxicants, and an effect of salinity on tolerance of the organism, or some combination of these factors. Toxicity diminished substantially with sequential extraction and quickly, rather than gradually and steadily over several weeks. Similar results were observed in freshwater experiments [ 32 ]. The toxicity values do not suggest a substantial threat by tire reefs to water quality. The use of tires in higher salinity environments appears to pose little direct toxicological risk to resident organisms. However, bioaccu-mulative effects are possible. 

Animal and human susceptibility to carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity is dependent on many different factors. There is substantial interspecies variation in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in animals due to differences in metabolic pathways among species. Based on animal models, hepatotoxicity in humans is most likely mediated from the trichloromethyl radical formed from the metabohsm of carbon tetrachloride by hepatic cytochrome p 450 2E1 Animal studies suggest differential hepatotoxicity based upon the animal s age and gender, with greater toxicity demonstrated in adult rats compared to newborns, and males compared with females. Cytochrome p-450 enzyme systems are present in the human fetus suggesting a potential for in utero fiver toxicity. Human gender differences in the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride have not been demonstrated despite potential sex steroid influences on the cytochrome p-450 system. ... 

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