Madelung Potentials, Differential Ionization Energies, and Hydration Energy

1 Madelung Potentials, Differential Ionization Energies, and Hydration Energy 

Rather than a black-or-white choice between electrovalent and covalent bonding, the concept of differential ionization energies allows a quantitative model for 

The more text-book-like covalent contribution is the stabilization already seen in homonuclear molecules. On the whole, the model of differential ionization energies gives a reliable picture of the comparable importance of covalent and electrovalent stabilization in most inorganic compounds. 

Pearson suggested the principle that hard anti-bases (Lewis acids) pref- 

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