Diene metathesis reaction

Note that the acyclic diene metathesis reaction [scheme (22)] and the ringclosing metathesis reaction [scheme (23)] are inter- and intramolecular displays of the same mechanistic event [1] ... 

In the ring-closing metathesis reaction, intramolecular metathesis closes a ring to form a small cyclic molecule with concurrent loss of a small molecule (ethylene). Conversely, in the case of the acyclic diene metathesis reaction, macromolecules are formed by successive intermolecular condensation of two olefinic molecules [1],... 

To date there are only a few examples of polymers having a disilandiyl-carbon backbone, but they could not be synthesized by an olefin-metathesis process with Grubbs catalyst [4 - 6]. The aim of our work is to investigate the catalytic activity of the ruthenium-carbene complex RuCl2(PCy3)2(=CHPh) (Grubbs catalyst) in acyclic diene metathesis reactions of different unsaturated organodisilanes. 

Another interesting transformation is the intramolecular metathesis reaction of 1,6-enynes. Depending on the substrates and catalytic species, very different products are formed by the intramolecular enyne metathesis reaction of l,6-enynes[41]. The cyclic 1,3-diene 71 is formed from a linear 1,6-enyne. The bridged tricyclic compound 73 with a bridgehead alkene can be prepared by the enyne metathesis of the cyclic enyne 72. The first step of... 

Another metathesis polymerization procedure uses terminal dienes such as hexa-1,5-diene (16) (acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET)). Here again, the escape of the gaseous reaction product, i.e. ethylene, ensures the irreversible progress of the reaction ... 

Acyclic diene molecules are capable of undergoing intramolecular and intermolec-ular reactions in the presence of certain transition metal catalysts molybdenum alkylidene and ruthenium carbene complexes, for example [50, 51]. The intramolecular reaction, called ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM), affords cyclic compounds, while the intermolecular reaction, called acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization, provides oligomers and polymers. Alteration of the dilution of the reaction mixture can to some extent control the intrinsic competition between RCM and ADMET. 

Figure 7.4-2 Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET) reaction carried out in the...

Since then, the metathesis reaction has been extended to other types of alkenes, viz. substituted alkenes, dienes and polyenes, and to alkynes. Of special interest is the metathesis of cycloalkenes. This gives rise to a ring enlargement resulting in macrocyclic compounds and eventually poly-... 

Mutual metathesis of a cyclic and an acyclic alkene provides still more possibilities in synthesizing organic compounds. For instance, cycloalkenes are cleaved by ethene into a,co-dienes. The reaction of 1,5-cyclooctadiene with ethene gives 1,5,9-decatriene (18) norbornene reacts with 2-butene to yield 1,3-dipropenylcyclopentane (30) ... 

As stated above, olefin metathesis is in principle reversible, because all steps of the catalytic cycle are reversible. In preparatively useful transformations, the equilibrium is shifted to one side. This is most commonly achieved by removal of a volatile alkene, mostly ethene, from the reaction mixture. An obvious and well-established way to classify olefin metathesis reactions is depicted in Scheme 2. Depending on the structure of the olefin, metathesis may occur either inter- or intramolecularly. Intermolecular metathesis of two alkenes is called cross metathesis (CM) (if the two alkenes are identical, as in the case of the Phillips triolefin process, the term self metathesis is sometimes used). The intermolecular metathesis of an a,co-diene leads to polymeric structures and ethene this mode of metathesis is called acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET). Intramolecular metathesis of these substrates gives cycloalkenes and ethene (ring-closing metathesis, RCM) the reverse reaction is the cleavage of a cyclo-... 

Scheme 2 Different modes of the olefin metathesis reaction cross metathesis (CM), ringclosing metathesis (RCM), ring-opening metathesis (ROM), acyclic diene metathesis polymerization (ADMET), and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)...

Fig. la—d Typical alkene metathesis reactions ring-closing (RCM) and ring-opening (ROM) metathesis (a), diene cross metathesis (CM, b), ROM-RCM (c), and ROM-double RCM (d) sequences (ring-rearrangement reactions, RRM)... 

While diene metathesis or diyne metathesis are driven by the loss of a (volatile) alkene or alkyne by-product, enyne metathesis (Fig. 2) cannot benefit from this contributing feature to the AS term of the reaction, since the event is entirely atom economic. Instead, the reaction is driven by the formation of conjugated dienes, which ensures that once these dienes have been formed, the process is no longer a reversible one. Enyne metathesis can also be considered as an alkylidene migration reaction, because the alkylidene unit migrates from the alkene part to one of the alkyne carbons. The mechanism of enyne metathesis is not well described, as two possible complexation sites (alkene or alkyne) exist for the ruthenium carbene, leading to different reaction pathways, and the situation is further complicated when the reaction is conducted under an atmosphere of ethylene. Despite its enormous potential to form mul-... 

Olefin metathesis, an expression coined by Calderon in 1967,1 has been accurately described in Ivin and Mol s seminal text Olefin Metathesis and Metathesis Polymerization as the (apparent) interchange of carbon atoms between a pair of double bonds (ref. 2, p. 1). This remarkable conversion can be divided into three types of reactions, as illustrated in Fig. 8.1. These reactions have been used extensively in the synthesis of a broad range of both macromolecules and small molecules3 this chapter focuses on acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization as a versatile route for the production of a wide range of functionalized polymers. 

The role of complexes 23-28 as catalyst precursors in the ring closing metathesis reactions was investigated. Three different diene substrates diethyldiallyl-malonate (29), diallyltosylamine (30). and dielhyldi(2-methylallyl)malonate (31) were added to the NMR tubes containing a solution of 5 mol% of catalyst precursor in an appropriate deuterated solvent. The NMR tubes were then kept at the temperatures reported in Table X. Product formation and diene disappearance were monitored by integrating the allylic methylene peaks in the H NMR spectra and the results are presented in Table X and the catalytic transformations are depicted in Scheme 3. 

Triple bonds can also participate in the metathesis reaction. Intramolecular reactions give vinylcycloalkenes, whereas intermolecular reactions provide conjugated dienes.301 The mechanism is similar to that for a, to-diene metathesis, but in contrast Reactions involving to diene cyclization, no carbon atoms are lost.302... 

Another intramolecular ene-yne metathesis followed by an intermolecular metathesis with an alkene to give a butadiene which is intercepted by a Diels-Alder reaction was used for the synthesis of condensed tricyclic compounds, as described by Lee and coworkers [266]. However, as mentioned above, the dienophile had to be added after the domino metathesis reaction was completed otherwise, the main product was the cycloadduct from the primarily formed diene. Keeping this in mind, the three-component one-pot reaction of ene-yne 6/3-94, alkene 6/3-95 and N-phenylmaleimide 6/3-96 in the presence of the Grubbs II catalyst 6/3-15 gave the tricyclic products 6/3-97 in high yield (Scheme 6/3.28). 

Murakami and coworkers [267] described a combination of an intermolecular ene-yne metathesis followed by a disrotatory 6ir-electrocyclic reaction to give six-membered cyclic dienes. Thus, reaction of 6/3-98 and of styrene (6/3-99) in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst at 100 °C led to the condensed cyclohexadienes 6/3-100, in good yield (Scheme 6/3.29). 

Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) is a step-growth polycondensation reaction for the polymerization of o -dienes 729 The process is catalyzed by the same metal alkylidene initiators used for ROMP, and is driven by the removal of ethylene from the system (Scheme 13). Both molybdenum and ruthenium-based initiators have been used to prepare a variety of materials including functionalized polyethy-... 

To effect traceless reactions on a support, as, e.g., exemplified by the ring closing metathesis reactions of bound dienes which concomittantly release the products... 

The metathesis reaction is a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry [1], and it is generally accepted that this reaction is catalyzed by highly efficient transition metal alkylidenes [2, 3]. Intermolecular diene metathesis produces... 

To investigate if the ruthenium catalyst first reacts with the alkyne part or with the alkene part, the reaction of 64 with ruthenium catalyst 52a was carried out (Eq. 30). Two metathesized products, enyne metathesis product 65 and diene metathesis product 66, were obtained in 19% and 5% yields, respectively. This result indicates that the reaction of the alkyne part with 52a is faster than that of the alkene part with 52a. 

---