Diabetes cellular systems

Inflammation is a local protective response to infection or injury whereby cells and proteins in the blood enter to remove the pathogens and repair the damaged tissue. Edema, redness, pain, and heat are the four cardinal symptoms of inflammation. Extent of reactions is determined by inflammatory mechanisms mediated by serum protein or cellular systems. Serum protein systems include complement, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin cellular systems include PMN cells, mast cells, platelets, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and reticuloendothelial system. Insufficient responses result in immunodeficiency leading to cancer and infections excessive responses are the cause of a number of chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer s disease (Tracey, 2002). 

Diabetes is hypothesized to cause cardiac protein acetylation and the acetylation alters the protein function (Fig. 3b). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIFl) is a transcription factor found in mammalian cells cultured under reduced oxygen tension that plays an essential role in cellular and systemic homeostatic responses to hypoxia. Diabetes interferes with cellular response to hypoxia. In hyperglycemic conditions HIFl degradation is increased because of enhanced HIFl acetylation by... 

The book is comprised of five sections with part I covering systemic and endoluminal therapy with an incisive overview of hemostasis and thrombosis part II covers local therapy with several chapters devoted to drug-eluting stents and restenosis therapies part III covers cell therapy and therapeutic angiogenesis and includes chapters on cell transplantation and clinical trials in cellular therapy part IV covers adjunctive pharmacotherapy with chapters devoted to various patient populations including those with heart failure, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, peripheral artery disease,... 

In order to fully understand the antidiabetic effects of vanadium, or any other drug, cellular studies are extended to mammalian models of diabetes, frequently in rodents. Models exist and have been used for vanadium studies of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Below, general results observed with vanadium compounds in the various model systems are described. More detailed descriptions of the molecular signal transduction systems affected are given in references [12,13,100,133],... 

Today, with the exception of bone marrow for hematopoietic reconstitution, therapeutic cellular transplantation is an emerging technology. In recent years novel approaches in the potential restoration of function through cellular transplantation have included the use of fetal human or xenogeneic neural tissue for Parkinson s disease, ectopically implanted pancreatic islets for diabetes, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing glia for spinal cord injury, encapsulated chromaffin cells for pain, and various types of stem cells for the treatment of diabetes, cardiac disease, and central nervous system injuries or disease [2], There have also been trials of encapsulated cells to provide enzymes that either remove toxic products or provide activation of prodrugs to therapeutics, usually anticancer derivatives. 

The overall accumulation of sorbitol in the retina of diabetic rats seems to be of little significance, but the distribution of the polyols in the different cellular locations could produce osmotic force. In alloxan-diabetic animals the above-mentioned triad of myo-inositol depletion, reduced Na/K-ATPase activity and activation of PKC following accumulation of sorbitol is seen and can be prevented by inhibition of aldose reductase (MacGregor and Matschinsky, 1985), although the impact of this system on the generation of diabetic retinopathy remains to be established. 

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