Developments in France

The vertical cylindrical vessel of the pressure version of the Moore filter developed in France for the sugar industry, which houses a set of radially arranged leaves, is twice the height of the leaves. This allows the leaves to be raised, rotated, and lowered into the different compartments in the bottom half of the vessel. Positive air pressure must be maintained throughout the operation to prevent cake faH-off, and the cake is blown off the leaves by air blowback. 

Desseigne developed in France, after WWII, both batch and continuous methods which are claimed to give yields up to 90% (Ref 8, pp 62-63). 

Microprobe analysis was initially developed at the University of Paris by R. Castaing, who fitted an X-ray spectrometer to a converted electron microscope in the early 1950s, and the first commercial instrument, developed in France by the Cameca company, appeared in 1958. The following years saw commercial instruments produced in the UK, USA and Japan. 

Ab der-Halden A continuous process for distilling coal tar. It is operated under reduced pressure with the heat provided by five, superheated steam. This provides a clean separation of the products, without cracking. Developed in France in the 1920s by C. Ab der-Halden who formed the company PROABD to exploit it. PROABD is now a division of BEFS Technologies, Mulhouse, France, which offers this process and others under the same trade name. Not to be confused with the Abderhalden reaction in biochemistry. 

ACTIFLOW A process for treating raw water. Flocculation of insoluble matter by the addition of a polyelectrolyte takes place within an agitated bed of fine sand. Developed in France by OTV and licensed in the UK through General Water Processes. 

OZOFLOT A process for treating raw water with ozone. The design of the treatment vessel encourages bubbles of ozonized air to become attached to algae and particulate solids and float to the surface where they can be skimmed off. Developed in France by OTV. 

Retification is a process developed in France by the Ecole des Mines de St. Etienne. It involves the heating of wood (previously dried to about 12 % MC) in a nitrogen atmosphere... 

Electrodeposition is by its nature a condensed phase process, whereas most studies of ALE have been performed using gas phase or vacuum methodologies, CVD or MBE. A solution phase deposition methodology related to ALE has been developed in France by Nicolau et al. [27-32] (Fig. 2), in which adsorbed layers of elements are formed by rinsing a substrate in aqueous solutions containing ionic precursor for the desired elements, sequentially, in a cycle. After exposure to each precursor, the substrate is copiously rinsed and then transferred to a solution containing the precursor for the next element. The method is referred to as successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). Reactivity in SILAR appears to be controlled by the rinsing procedure, solution composition, pH, and specifically... 

Also widely used in boat building, an extruded PP honeycomb, designated Nida-Core, has cost and fabricating advantages over competitive core materials. Nida-Core, developed in France and now available in the USA from Nida-Core Corporation, is produced by an extrusion method and therefore differs from most other honeycombs. Brief details are noted. 

Fluoridation of domestic salt for human consumption was initiated in Switzerland in 1955 [133]. Fluoridated salt usually contains 200-250 mg/kg of fluoride, mostly in the form of potassium salt, so 1 g of fluoridated salt provides 0.20-0.25 mg of fluoride [2]. The average daily adult salt intake is estimated to vary from 5 to 10 g [6] so, if all consumed salt were fluoridated, the total daily intake of fluoride would range from 1 to 2.5 mg. Salt fluoridation can reach the entire population, however, addition of fluoride is limited mainly to domestic salt, leaving salt used by bakeries, large kitchens, enterprises and institutions, as well as by the food industry, unfluoridated. Schemes of fluoridation of domestic salt are most developed in France, Germany and Switzerland [134]. Detailed information on the history and experiences of salt fluoridation in Switzerland, France, Germany, Central and Eastern Europe and America were recently reported [133,135-138]. 

Oil shale deposits are found throughout the world. In 1838, the first oil shale industry was developed in France to distill oil shale for use as lamp fuel. In 1862, production began in Scotland. The oil shale industry in France was operational until the 1950s, but the Scottish industry continued for about 100 years until the high-grade oil shale reserves were depleted. Other processes were later developed in Estonia, China, and the United States. 

Cresilite. Mixture of TN-m-Cr (Trinitrometa-cresole) 60 PA (Picric Acid) 40%, used in Italy for loading large-caliber shells. It was developed in France under the name of Cresylite No 2 (Ref 28, p 323 Ref 31, p 292) (See also Ecrasite)... 

The large steam consumption acted as an incentive to the development of another and more economic process. In the Acticarbone method developed in France between 1925-1926, the heater-cooler was located inside the adsorber, so that heating and cooling the charge was much more economical. In this installation 300 kg of steam was consumed for each 100 kg of the solvent recovered. 

Eorth Displacement Test. See "Cratering Effect Tests in Vol 3, pp C554 C555-L Note 1 This test was developed in France under the name I2ssai dans /a terre by the Commission des Substances Explosives and described in MP15, 229-3K1909-1910). 

Entac (Engin teleguide anti-char) (Fr for Teleguided Antitank Device). An infantry guided missile and its launcher developed in France prior to 1959 and then used by. the US Army... 

Nitroglycerine (C3H5N309) (2.6) was first prepared by the Italian, Ascanio Sobrero in 1846 by adding glycerol to a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids. In 1863, a laboratory plant was set up to manufacture nitroglycerine by the Nobel family. In 1882, the Boutmy-Faucher process for the manufacture of nitroglycerine was developed in France and also adopted in England. 

By 1900 many analytical procedures were available. Dujardin-Salleron (France) not only codified these procedures but also produced the necessary equipment for them (I). Official methods of wine analysis were soon developed in France and many other countries, and our own Association of Official Agricultural Chemists began developing tentative and official methods of wine analysis as early as 1916 (2) these continue to the present (3). Official methods of analysis, both for reference and routine purposes, are given on the international field by the Office International de la Vigne et du Vin (4) and by Amerine and Ough (5). For current American practices see Refs. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12a. For European procedures see Refs. 4, 9,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. 

A. Boulenge (Le) Chronograph. This instrument, listed (but not described) in Vol 2, pB258-L, was developed in France in 1866. Because of its simplicity and low cost, it is still used, especially in testing small arms. It is fairly accurate when short intervals of time are involved. A schematic presentation of apparatus and equipment such as has been used in some US Ordnance installations is given in Fig... 

A bomb similar to Bichel, but vertical, was developed in Russia by Dolgov. Its brief description is given in Ref 56a, pp75 6 Vieille Type Bombs. The original bomb, developed in France in 1883 by E.Sarrau P.Vieille, was later modified by E.Burlot others, becoming known as "La Bombe Type Vieille or "Le Vase... 

On this basis a silicon therapy was developed in France. Two silicon containing preparations, DNR (60) [complex of potassium methylsiliconate with salicylic acid (or with other oxycarbonic acids)] and RDN (61) (cyclic ether of dimethylsilanediol and glycerol), are used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and virus infections. Investigations in this field have been carried out by N. Duffaut,... 

Madic, C., Bourges, J., Dozol, J.F. 1994. Brief overview of the long-lived radionuclide separation processes developed in France in connection with the SPIN program. International Conference on Accelerator-Driven Transmutation Technologies and Applications, July, Las Vegas, NV. 

Favorelle. This is a white-skinned chicken that was initially developed in France as a dual-purpose breed. It has excellent laying qualities and its performance does not change much with the different seasons. Favorelles are hardy and active and adapt easily to free-range systems. 

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