France development

RhcJ)ne-Poulenc (France) developed a modified version of the process for making either oxaUc acid or lactic acid, or both, from propylene. In 1978, 65,000 t/yr of oxahc acid was produced worldwide by this process, although in the 1990s this process is operated only by RhcJ)ne-Poulenc. Oxidation reactions of the RhcJ)ne-Poulenc process are as follows. 

Yves Chauvin France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis... 

Now chemists at the Central Research Laboratories of Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann (PCUK) at Lyons, France, developed beginning in 1970, under the direction of Dr F. Weiss, a novel continuous process for manufg hydrazine. The process is based on the discovery that ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and a carbonyl compd, such as methyl ethyl ketone, react in presence of an amide and catalytic quantities of a phosphate to form an azine intermediate. This intermediate hydrolyzes quantitatively to hydrazine and to carbonyl compd which is recycled. The yield is claimed to be better than 75%... 

The first major source of recovered sulfur from H2S containing natural gas was the Lacq field in southern France developed by SNPA in the mid 1950 s. This 15% H2S containing gas stream was the forerunner of many subsequent sour gas developments around the world. In the early days of sour gas production the major product sought after was the methane hydrogen sulfide and... 

The largest microwave reactor for organic synthetic applications so far is a pilot plant scale prototype installed at Sairem in France, developed and designed in collaboration with BioEurope and De Dietrich. This custom-built 1 m3 reactor (Fig. 15) with a powerful 6 kW microwave generator is used for the production of Laurydone [49]. Running in a batch-type recycling process, the equipment accomplished a 40% power reduction compared to the... 

In the 1990 s, the University of Orleans (France) developed a non-catalyzed, plasma-assisted partial oxidation (or POX) process for making... 

According to the Encyclopedia [2] Usinc Kuhlmann in France developed a new method which consists in a sequence of reactions ammonia, hydrogen peroxide and carbonyl compounds (c.g. propionc) react in the presence of ati amide and a catalytic quantity of phosphate to form an azine intermediate ... 

The small town of Grasse, in the south of France, developed into a centre for perfumery, after Catherine de Medici (1519-1589) set up a laboratory there for the apothecary and alchemist Francesco Tombarelli. At the University of Montpellier she had research carried out into new methods of isolating scented materials from plants. At that time, the most popular perfume was Frangipani, an alcoholic extract of iris powder, musk and civet, invented by Maurice Frangipani, a descendant of that mighty noble Roman dynasty. 

Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur (France) develops the alcohol thermometer. [1730]... 

Almost everything we own is made and sold in measured amounts. The measurement systems we use have a rich history characterized by the search for exact, invariable standards. Measuring for purposes of trade, building, and surveying used to be based on standards that could vary a yard was the distance from the king s nose to the tip of his outstretched arm, and an acre was the area tilled in one day by a man with a pair of oxen. Our current, far more exact system of measurement began in 1790 when a committee in France developed the original metric system. In 1960, another committee in France revised it to create the universally accepted SI units (from the French Syst me International d Unites). 

The second group of methods relies on supersonic expansion as the source of cooling and the use of supersonic flows as flow reactors. In the early 1980s the group of Rowe, at the rarefied wind tunnel facility, SR3, in the laboratoire d Aerothermique du CNRS in Meudon (France) developed the CRESU technique an ion-molecule reactor that made use of the uniform supersonic flows generated by a Laval nozzle. The first measurements of rate coefficients down to 20 K were reported in 1984 and soon results for temperatures as low as 8 K were obtained.Note that in the CRESU method the temperature is a true temperature, i.e. LTE prevails in the flow. The up-to-date version of this apparatus and the basis of the technique will be described in some detail in the following paragraphs. 

Arsine SA Toxic gas known as Mithrite in France, developed but not used during WWII. 

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