Development of Procedures

The subsequent improvement of the physical and chemical characteristics of these membranes, their incorporation into machines, and the development of procedures to prevent or clean surface-fouling films were the principal areas of significant advancement. By 1990, the industrial ultrafiltration market had grown to an estimated (90-100) x 10 . ... 

Although the catalysis of the dimerization of aldehydes to acyloins by thiazolium ion has been known for some tlrae, the development of procedures using anhydrous solvents which give satisfactory yields of acyloins on a preparative scale was first realized in the submitters laboratories. The mechanism proposed by Breslow - for the thiazolium ion-catalyzed reactions is similar to the Lapworth mechanism for the benzoin condensation with a thiazolium ylide replacing the cyanide ion. Similar mechanisms are involved... 

As a result, the intervening 15 years have witnessed the development of procedures for the introduction of fluorine in practically every available position of the steroid nucleus. Moreover, fluorine-containing groups such as CF2 and CF3 have been substituted at various positions. A number of recent books and reviews deal extensively with this subject. ... 

Only task elements which are particularly critical (from the point of view of the consequences of failure) or where errors are particularly likely, are included in the job aid. The development of procedures obviously has to be closely integrated with the content of training, since the design of procedures has to assume that the individual has received appropriate training for certain aspects of the task. 

This type of failure underscores the earlier comment that individuals should, if possible, be actively involved in the development of procedures that they are required to use, so that they imderstand the underlying pmpose behind them. 

The focus of this chapter has been on proactive application of these analytical methods such as safety audits, development of procedures, training needs analysis, and equipment design. However, many of these methods can also be used in a retrospective mode, and this issue deserves further attention in its own right. Chapter 6 describes analytical methods for accident investigations and data collection. 

The method is an extension of the well-known Grignard synthesis in ethers to the use of nonsolvating media, and is a development of procedures previously reported.2-6 A version of it has... 

Without a means to easily control the chirality of benzylic stereocenter, Pettus group members decided to focus on the development of procedures for the construction of adducts without chiral centers. These researchers found that organomagnesium reagents can be used to both generate and consume the o-QM from the corresponding... 

The major emphasis in environmental measurements over the past 2 years has been on development of procedures for Level 1. As presently conceived. Level 1 is structured to produce a cost-effective information base for prioritizing streams and for planning any subsequent programs. The specific procedures applied are detailed in two published manuals, the first covering sampling and chemical analysis (4) and the second biological tests (5). Application of the complete battery of procedures provides input data to support evaluation of the following questions ... 

These examples thus clearly show 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylalkanes (typical of the lignin structure) to be reactive at positions 2 and 6 towards electrophilic substitution reactions under acidic conditions. The subject matter of this paper deals with the development of procedures whereby the 2- and 6- (i.e., meta) positions are utilized for the polymerization and modification of lignin. 

Chan, L. H., Altman, E. I. and Liang, Y. Development of procedures for obtaining clean, low-defect-density Ge(100) surfaces. Journal of Vacuum Science Technology A 19, 976-81... 

Tabor, M. W. In Development of Procedures for the Preparation of Environmental and Waste Samples for Mutagenicity Testing Pearson, G. J. Williams, L. R., Eds. Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Las Vegas, NV, 1985 Section 3, pp 67-108 USEPA-600/4-85/G58. 

Another interesting approach to improving the usefulness of inoculation in bioremediation is the development of procedures in which the inoculant can be placed in environmental media in a way that reduces competition from the indigenous microfiora and allows expression of the specific introduced metabolic... 

The present study aims at the development of procedures for the generation of polyyne chains in the mesopores of the siliceous MCM-41 and the characterization of materials obtained. As precursors, l,4-diiodo-l,3-butadiyne (C4I2) and l-iodo-l,3,5-hexatriyne (CaHl), were used. 

Substantial attention and progress has been made in the development of procedures to effect conversion between chemical substance representations. Zamora and Davis [26] describe an algorithm to convert a coordinate representation of a chemical substance (derived from input by a chemical typewriter) to a connection table. An approach for interactive input of a structure diagram and conversion of this representation to a connection table suitable for substructure searching is discussed by Feldmann [27]. The conversion of systematic nomenclature to connection tables offers a powerful editing tool as well as a potential mechanism for conversion of name files to connection tables this type of conversion is described by Vander Stouw [28]. 

Synthesis of more complicated triangulanes necessitates the development of procedures for their stereospecific functionalization. Enhanced acidity of hydrogens in cyclopropyl... 

Sharma. S.C. and E Seltzer "Development of Procedures to Minimize Mechanical Damage in Freeze Dried Meat Patties," J. Food Set., 42, 5. 1336-1343 (1977). 

Begin planning the development of procedural controls for those Part 11 requirements that are not covered by technology... 

Bailey, H.C., DiGiorgio, C., Kroll, K., Miller, J.L., Hinton, D.E. and Starrett, G. (1996) Development of procedures for identifying pesticide toxicity in ambient waters carbofuran, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 837-845. 

The availability of strongly chelating extractant reagents for a number of metals has lead to the development of procedures in which the metal is extracted from minimally treated blood or urine and then quantified by atomic absorption analysis. The metals for which such extractions can be used include cobalt, lead, and thallium extracted into organic solvent as the dithiocarbamate chelate, and nickel extracted into methylisobutyl ketone as a chelate formed with ammonium pyrro-lidinedithiocarbamate. 

Gramme is a common precursor for indol-3-ylmethylation of enolates and other nucleophiles. Such reactions normally occur by an elimination-addition mechanism. Following development of procedures for 4-substitution via directed lithiation with l-(tri-/w-propylsilyl)-gramine, Iwao and Motoi have developed conditions for tandem nucleophilic substitution of the dimethylamino group. Quatemization followed by reaction with a nucleophile in the presence of TBAF leads to alkylation. <95TL5929> The carbon nucleophiles which were successfully used include nitromethane, methyl acetoacetate, diethyl malonate and diethyl 2-(acetamido)malonate. Phthalimide, thiophenol, TMS-CN and TMS-Nj were also used as sources of nucleophiles. 

The method is an extension of the well-known Grignard synthesis in ethers to the use of nonsolvating media, and is a development of procedures previously reported.2-6 A version of it has been employed with straight-chain primary alkyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides from C2 to Cu,5-7 and in solvents (or an excess of the halide) which permit reaction temperatures above 120°, with simple aryl halides such as chlorobenzene and 1-chloro-naphthalene. Branched-chain primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides, allyl, vinyl, and benzyl halides either fail to react or give extensive side reactions. Better results are reported to be obtained in such cases with the use of catalytic quantities of a mixture of an alkoxide and an ether such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran in a hydrocarbon medium, but the products are not, of course, completely unsolvated.4... 

The previous sections described synthetic methods involving palladium- and nickel-catalyzed additions of alcohols and amines to aryl halides and triflates. The development of procedures and catalysts used in these processes has occurred hand-in-hand with mechanistic analysis of the amination chemistry. The following sections describe the current understanding of why these procedures and catalysts are effective, and how this understanding led to some of the breakthroughs described above. 

The development of procedures in this field poses the greatest challenge to the analytical chemist. Although GC/MS(/MS) still plays a major role in the analysis of biomedical samples, the role of LC/ES/MS(/MS) is increasing, because this latter method allows direct determination of the mostly polar and, sometimes, high MW metabolites. 

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