Development hormones

Uzzo RG, Herzlinger D, Vaughan D. Prostate development hormonal and cellular considerations. American Urological Association Update Series 1996 15 1. 

Glycoconjugates are the most functionally and structurally diverse compounds in Nature and it is now well established that protein- and lipid-bound saccharides play essential roles in many molecular processes impacting eukaryotic biology and disease.Examples of such processes include fertilization, embiyogenesis, neuronal development, hormone activities, the proliferation of cells and their organization into specific tissues. Remarkable changes in the cell-surface carbohydrates occur with tumor progression, which... 

Testosterone promotes muscle growth deepening of the voice the growth of body hair and other male secondary sex characteristics Testosterone is formed from cholesterol and IS the biosynthetic precursor of estradiol the principal female sex hormone or estrogen Estradiol is a key substance m the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the reproductive process It is the hormone most responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics... 

Progress in the field received further impetus with the development of synthetic steroids exhibiting activities far greater than that of the natural hormones. The synthesis of 9 a-fluorocortisol (3), described in 1953 by Fried and Sabo (3), opened the way for development of many more highly active antiinflammatory agents, and indeed some of today s most active antiinflammatory agents (ca 1997) bear some resemblance to this 9a-fluorinated steroid. 

Although a tremendous number of fermentation processes have been researched and developed to various extents, only a couple of hundred ate used commercially. Fermentation industries have continued to expand in terms of the number of new products on the market, the total volume (capacity), and the total sales value of the products. The early 1990s U.S. market for fermentation products was estimated to be in the 9-10 x 10 range. The total world market is probably three times that figure, and antibiotics continue to comprise a primary share of the industry. Other principal product categories are enzymes, several organic acids, baker s yeast, ethanol (qv), vitamins (qv), and steroid hormones (qv). 

R. P. Phans and D. M. Reid, eds., Emyclopedia of Plant Physiology Hormonal Regulation of Development 111, Role of EnvironmentalEactors, Vol. 11, Springer Vedag, Berlin, 1985. 

Two fundamental questions have emerged from these studies, ie, to what extent are agonists and antagonists binding similarly or differendy to the respective receptors, and can inhibitory compounds be developed that are active in vivo in humans as well as in vitro. An oxytocia antagonist that can block premature uterine contractions presents a promising example of the clinical utihty of such stmctures (47). Both linear as well as bicycHc modifications of these hormones also have provided new antagonist stmctures. 

D. H. Schlesinger, ed.. Neurohypophyseal Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides, Developments in Endocrinology, Vol. 13, Elsevier Science, New York, 1981. 

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