Neurohypophyseal peptides

D. H. Schlesinger, ed.. Neurohypophyseal Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides, Developments in Endocrinology, Vol. 13, Elsevier Science, New York, 1981. 

The effects of both oxytocin and vasopressin are particularly responsive to reproductive steroids (Tables 7 and 8). Oxytocin and vasopressin are best known as neurohypophyseal peptides, released by the posterior pituitary. However, both peptides also are released within the nervous system. Receptors for oxytocin and vasopressin are distributed in areas of the CNS that have been implicated in reproduction, emotion and autonomic functions. 

These data show the presence in subesophageal and thoracic ganglia of Locusta of an antiparallel dimeric peptide (F2), which was called the AVP-like insect diuretic hormone (AVP-like DH) (H). The sequence homology between the AVP-like DH and the vertebrate neurohypophyseal peptides is strong Cys-(2)-(3)-(4)-Asn-Cys-Pro-(8)-Gly-NH2. The AVP-like DH and AVP differ only at positions 2, 3, and 4, whereas the homology to the ancestral molecule arginine vasotocin is even stronger, with differences restricted to positions 2 and... 

Ibragimov R (1990) Influence of neurohypophyseal peptides on the formation of active avoidance conditioned reflex behavior. Neurosci Behav Physiol 20 189-193. 

BIO. Blevins, D. D., Burke, M. F., and Hruby, V. ]., Parameters affecting high performance liquid chromatographic separations of neurohypophyseal peptide hormones. Anal. Chem. 52, 420-424 (1980). 

V.J. Hruby and H.I. Hosberg In "Neurohypophyseal Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides," D.H. Schleslnger, Ed., Elsevler/North-Holland, N.Y., 1981, p. 227. 

Vasopressin (VP), antidiuretic hormone, ADH, H-Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Xaa-Gly-NH2 (disulfide bond Cys -Cys ), a member of the neurohypophyseal peptide hormones. VP has antidiuretic activity, and in higher doses it increases blood pressure. In bovine and other mammalian hormones Xaa = Arg (AVP), but in the porcine peptide Xaa = Lys (LVP). VP shows strong structural similarities to oxytocin, and has a slight oijytocin effect. VP is synthesized by the magnoceUular... 

R. Acher, J. Chauvet, M.T. Chauvet, D. Crepy, Phylogeny of neurohypophyseal peptides isolation of a new hormone, glumitodn, (4-serine-8-glutamine oxytocin), present in cartilaginous fish, the ray (Raja clavata). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 107 393-396 (1965)... 

Struct, of reduced form shown. Constit. of the pituitary glands of Xenopus laevis. Hydroosmotic neurohypophyseal peptide. 

Table 1. Structures of the Neurohypophyseal Hormone-Like Peptides, ...

Historically vasopressin and oxytocin, two nonapep-tides, were the first peptide neurohormones to be considered they are stored in the neurohypophysis and released into the bloodstream upon an appropriate stimulus. In the periphery, oxytocin stimulates the contraction of epididymal and uterine smooth muscle (see Chapter 62) and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) facilitates the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules. In addition to these well-accepted roles as neurohormones, there is convincing evidence that these compounds function as neurotransmitters they both possess potent inhibitory actions on neurohypophyseal neurons. The significance of their neurotransmitter function is not yet clear. 

Galfi M, Janaky T, Toth R, Prohaszka Gy, Juhasz A, Varga Cs, Laszlo FA (2001) Effects of dopamine and dopamine-active compounds on oxytocin and vasopressin production in rat neurohypophyseal tissue cultures. Reg Peptides 98 49-54. 

The posterior pituitaiy (ncurnhypophysis) is the source of vasoprc.ssin. oxytocin, a- and /8-MSH. and coherin. The synthesis, transport, and release of these hormones have been reviewed by Brownstein.- - Va.sopressin and oxytocin ore synthesized and relea.sed by neurons of the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system. Thc.se peptide hormones, and their respective neurophysin carrier proteins, are synthesized as structural components of separate precursor proteins, and these proteins appear to be partially degraded into... 

The adenohypophysis secretes growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), foUicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), all of which are proteins or peptides (see Table 28-1 in Chapter 28). It also secretes P-lipotropin (P-LPH) and a number of smaller peptides of undetermined significance Vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) and oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and are carried through the neurohypophyseal nerve axons to the neurohypophysis. Thus the neurohypophysis is not a discrete endocrine organ, but rather functions as a reservoir for these two hormones. 

C. W. Smith, Ed., The Peptides Analysis, Synthesis, and Biology. Chemistry, Biology and Medicine of Neurohypophyseal Hormones and Their Analogs, Vol. 8, Academic Press, New York, 19Sl,pp. 1-370. 

Neurohypophyseal hormones, peptide hormones secreted from the neurohypophysis, the posterior lobe of the pituitary, which is anatomically distinct from the adenohy-... 

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