Developing a standard

An important step in developing a standard method is to determine which factors have a pronounced effect on the quality of the analytical method s result. The procedure can then be written to specify the degree to which these factors must be controlled. A procedure that, when carefully followed, produces high-quality results in different laboratories is considered rugged. The method by which the critical factors are discovered is called ruggedness testing. ... 

In the United States, there is no national qualifying or licensing body for pharmacists. Licensure requirements are promulgated by State boards of pharmacy that administer examinations, issue internship requirements, and oversee the practice of pharmacy. The National Association of Boards of Pharmacy serves the collective needs of the state boards. This organisation has no Hcensure authority. However, it has developed a standardized Hcensure examination (NABPLEX), which as of this writing (ca 1995) is used by 48 states (see Licensing). 

Every company should develop a standard form for their economic calculations, with a place for everything and everything in its place. As management becomes familiar with the form, it is easier to evaluate projects and choose among several based on their merits, rather than the presentation. 

There is a need to develop a standardized test approach to induce an overdriven detonation since the overdriven detonation has the potential of producing the most severe mechanical damage to a flame arrester. 

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has developed a standard that specifies minimum pulley diameters that should be used on electric motors. Since motor bearings are specified using a relatively small maximum overhung load, minimum pulley diameters can have a dramatic effect on motor bearings. The increase in tension that is created by smaller pulleys can transmit a potentially destructive side-load on the bearings. 

The integration of sensing and other functions in a micro-flow system requires either monolithic, on-chip or hybrid, multi-scale approaches. Concerning the latter, Hessel and Lowe discuss the lack of compatibility of today s fluidic interfaces and report on a German project team developing a standard for micro-reactor interconnection [9, 10]. 

A study by Environment Canada and the U.S. Minerals Management Service attempted to develop a standard test for emulsion breaking agents [586]. Nine types of shaker test methods were tried. Although the results are comparable with different tests, a stable water-in-oil emulsion must be used to yield reproducible results. Tests with unstable emulsions showed nonrepro-ducible and inconsistent results. 

In order to establish a clear strategy, we have examined the properties of Pt-based catalysts for both the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) systematically and comprehensively using various techniques, the results of which complement each other. We have also developed a standard method to evaluate the real activity. In this chapter, we summarize our recent research results. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)119 has developed a standard protocol for evaluating environmental chemical-fate models, along with the definition of basic modeling terms, shown in Table 20.17. Predicting fate requires natural phenomena to be described mathematically. 

Verma SR (2008) Developing a standard and quality protocol for anaerobic digestion. ECN/ ORBIT Workshop, Niirnberg... 

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