Subchronic effects

Subchronic effects of overexposure have been studied in feeding tests of PPS powder at dietary levels of up to 5%. No detrimental effects in laboratory animals were observed (157). 

Hoffman DJ, Spalding MG, Frederick PC. 2005. Subchronic effects of methyhnercury on plasma and organ biochemistries in great egret nestlings. Environ Toxicol Chem 24 3078-3084. 

Spanos, L.J. and Yamamoto, B.K., Acute and subchronic effects of methylenedioxymethamphetamine [(+/-)MDMA] on locomotion and serotonin syndrome behavior in the rat, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 32(4), 835-840, 1989. 

Fairbrother, A. and J. Fowles. 1990. Subchronic effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on several immune-functions in mallards. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 19 836-844. 

Cote MG, Plaa GL, Valli VE, et al. 1985. Subchronic effects of a mixture of persistent chemicals found in the Great Lakes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 34(2) 285-290. 

Dourson and Stara (1983) evaluated ratios of subchronic to chronic exposure for either NOAELs (30 ratios), LOAELs (22 ratios), or their combination (52 ratios) derived from the toxicity studies compiled by Weil and McCoUister (1963), see above. For more than half of the observed chemicals, ratios were 2 or less, and approximately 96% of the ratios were below a value of 10. According to the authors, this supports a 10-fold UF to account for estimating an ADI from a subchronic effect level for a chemical if a chronic level is unavailable. 

NT242 Bagchi, M., D. Bagchi, E. A. Hassoun, and S. ]. Stohs. Subchronic effects of smokeless tobacco extract (STE) on hepatic lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and excretion of urinary metabolites in rats. Toxicology 1998 127(1-3) 29-38. 

Robbe, H.W.J., O Hanlon, J.F. Acute and subchronic effects of paroxetine 20 and 40 mg on actual driving, psychomotor performance and subjective assessments in healthy volunteers. Eur. Neuropsvchopharmacol. 5, 35-42, 1995. 

Brookhuis KA, De Vries G, De Waard D. Acute and subchronic effects of the Hl-histamine receptor antagonist ebastine in 10, 20 and 30 mg dose, and triprolidine 10 mg on car driving performance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993 36 67-70. 

Brown BJ, Affleck GE, Cummings EG, et al. 1981. The subchronic effects of repeated exposure to white phosphoms/felt screening smoke in rats. Report No. ARCSL-TR-80068, AD-B05848L. 

Bimbaum LS, Couture LA, Elwell MR. 1989. Subchronic effects of exposure to octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD). Chemosphere 18 389-390. 

Li X, Rozman KK. 1995. Subchronic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and their reversibility in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology 97 133-140. 

J.G. Ramaekers, et al., A comparative study of acute and subchronic effects of doth-iepin, fluoxetine and placebo on psychomotor and actual driving performance. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 39 397-404, 1995. 

Verster JC, Volkerts ER, van Oosterwijck AW, Aarab M, Bijtjes SI, De Weert AM, Eijken EJ, Verbaten MN. Acute and subchronic effects of levocetirizine and diphenhydramine on memory functioning, psychomotor performance, and mood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 lll(3) 623-7. 

Human As noted above in acute and subchronic effects, local anesthetics can produce an allergic syndrome that can manifest as urticaria in some patients. This nearly always occurs with amide anesthetics so changing to amine anesthetics greatly reduces this side effect. 

The first component we will discuss is the assessment of actual hazard, usually done with laboratory animal tests. Depending on the regulatory agency involved, studies are done in the most sensitive animal species using the most discriminating test available. Such safety studies are usually conducted in at least two rodent species, and any evidence of toxicity determined. The strains of mice and rats used are sometimes dependent on the type of chemical to be tested. In reality a number of sequential studies are conducted to determine the acute toxic dose and to define a profile of the disease induced. For some compounds or endpoints, such as birth defects, other animal species may be used, such as dogs, monkeys, or rabbits. Longer studies are then conducted to determine so-called subchronic effects and help select the doses used for chronic studies. The aim of these experiments is to determine the no observed adverse effect level, the NOAEL. 

Thake DC, Mays DC, Leber AP, Dacre JC (1993) p-Chlorophenyl methyl sulfide, p-chlorophenyl methyl sulfoxide and p-chlorophenyl methyl sulfone. II. Subchronic effects in rodents and rhesus monkeys. J Americ College Toxicol 12, 377-395. 

Dodard SG et al., Lethal and subchronic effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on Enchytraeus albidus in spiked artificial soil, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf, 54, 131, 2003. 

SUBCHRONIC EFFECTS OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO EXTRACT ON HEPATIC LIPID PEROXIDATION AND THE INCREASED EXCRETION OF URINARY METABOLITES... 

Conen S, Theunissen EL, Van Oers AC, Valiente R, Ramaekers JG. Acute and subchronic effects of bilastine (20 and 40 mg) and hydroxyzine (50 mg) on actual driving performance in healthy volunteers. J Psy-chopharmacol 2011 25(11) 1517-23. 

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, control and dosed groups Evaluation of variable Pb dosing effects on NOx and vascular responsiveness 100 ppm Pb, drinking water, levels short term 4, 8 weeks subchronic, 12 weeks Short-term effects NO redirection, elevated BP subchronic effects reversal of NO redirection, continued Pb increase significant change in adrenergic and NO pathways Heydari et al. (2006)... 

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