Detergents sulfonated aromatic

Sulfonated aromatic compounds are released into the environment from industrial and domestic uses of detergents. Environmental microbes easily metabolize alkylbenzenesulfonates with unbranched alkyl groups, so these compounds are considered to be biodegradable. 

In some cases, a mixture of natural petroleum feedstock is preblended with synthetic alkylated aromatics, such as detergent aromatic alkylate bottoms or with first-intent synthetic mono- or dialkylated aromatics, selected to provide a suitable molecular weight for cosulfonation and subsequent processing. The use of blended feedstocks may eliminate the need for conducting an oil extraction—concentrating step, particularly for a typical 40% Ca or Mg petroleum sulfonated product. 

The major aromatics (organics having at least one ring structure with six carbon atoms) manufactured include benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene. Other aromatics manufactured include phenol, chlorobenzene, styrene, phthalic and maleic anhydride, nitrobenzene, and aniline. Benzene is generally recovered from cracker streams at petrochemical plants and is used for the manufacture of phenol, styrene, aniline, nitrobenzene, sulfonated detergents, pesticides such as hexachlorobenzene, cyclohexane (an important intermediate in synthetic fiber manufacture), and caprolactam, used in the manufacture of nylon. Benzene is also used as a general purpose solvent. 

Also in the 1940s sulfonates without aromatic substituents were prepared [3]. Secondary alkane- or paraffmsulfonates are widely used in liquid detergents. Olefmsulfonates [4] play only a small role in Europe but found their place in the United States for household and cleaning. 

Trace aromatics removal from linear paraffins in the Ciq-Cis range is an important step in producing linear alkylbenzene (LAB) which in turn is used to make linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) an important constituent of detergents. High purity linear paraffins are required to produce superior detergent properties. For this application, MgY and NaX adsorbents are reported to be effective adsorbents in removing aromatics from Cio-C n-paraffins [265-267]. 

Physical Form, brown to black oily liquid new mineral-based crankcase oil contains petrochemicals (straight-chain hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons or PAH) plus stabilizers and detergents including zinc dithiophosphate, zinc diaryl or dialkyl dithiophosphates (ZTDP), calcium alkyl phenates, magnesium, sodium, and calcium sulfonates, tricresyl phosphates, molybdenum disulfide, heavy metal soaps, cadmium, and zinc. ... 

Not all sulfur trioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. Although the normal liquid range of SO3 is narrow (17-45°C), it is produced as the liquid for use in the sulfonation of some aromatic organic compounds. The vapor in an airstream is used to produce alkyl sulfonates for use as detergents. 

Chlorinated kerosene fractions, preferably those of highly paraffinic nature, have been widely used as intermediates in the manufacture of so-called keryl benzene detergents. The volume of chlorinated hydrocarbons so used represents an appreciable contribution to the important alkyl aromatic sulfonate detergent output. 

While synthetic oil-soluble sulfonates have also been made by reacting high molecular weight olefins or chlorinated wax with selected aromatics and sulfonating the resulting compound, the oil detergent properties of these materials have been reported to be inferior to those made by conventional acid-treating procedures on petroleum distillates. 

Two of the reactions that are used in the industrial preparation of detergents are electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. First, a large hydrocarbon group is attached to a benzene ring by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction employing tetrapropene as the source of the carbocation electrophile. The resulting alkylbenzene is then sulfonated by reaction with sulfuric acid. Deprotonation of the sulfonic acid with sodium hydroxide produces the detergent. 

Friedel-Crafts technology and zeolite- or other solid catalyst-based processes are currently used for other aromatic alkylations, in particular for the manufacture of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) made from C10-C14 olefins (Equation 8), or from the corresponding chloroparaffins and benzene, and also to make m- and p-cymene (isopropyltoluene Equation 9). LABs are used for the production of sulfonate detergents, while cymenes lead to m- and p-cresols through a procedure analogous to that used for the cumene-to-phenol process. 

Alkylated aromatic sulfonic acids are used as detergents. Sulfonamides possess antibacterial properties... 

Nitration and sulfonation of aromatics, Diels-Alder condensation, polyethylene, molecular complexes, CO-paraffin reaction, detergents, etc. 

The analysis of surface-active anions comprises the determination of simple aromatic sulfonic acids, hydrotropes (toluene, cumene, and xylene sulfonates), alkane- and alkene sulfonates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, and a-sulfofatty acid methyl esters. Many of these compounds are relevant predominantly in the detergent and cleansing industry. 

Typical yields for complexes using HF and solid-bed alkylation routes are shown in Table 1. This table illustrates that the yields for the two routes are similar. For constant production of LAB, paraffin use is approximately equal for both the routes. The HAB byproduct stream consists of heavy alkylate (discussed in more detail in later sections). The HAB by-product is formed in both routes and depending on the properties, may be used in applications, such as heat transfer fluids, or as enhanced oil recovery surfactants in a sulfonated form. Both routes also produce some light products in the form of off-gas and cracked product from the dehydrogenation unit. The solid-bed alkylation route also produces an aromatic by-product stream (PEP Extract in Table 1), which consists of aromatics produced in the dehydrogenation unit. While aromatics removal is possible for the HF route, it is typically not practiced. Instead, the HF route has an acid regenerator bottoms stream, which consists of by-products extracted from purification of the HF acid. Both of these by-products are typically recovered for fuel value. In the table Case-1 represents an LAB complex that includes the Pacol , DeFine , PEP, and Detal processes all licensed by UOP LLC and hereafter referred to as Pacol/DeFine/PEP/Detal complex. Case-2 represents the Pacol, DeFine, and UOP HF detergent alkylation processes, all licensed by UOP LLC and hereafter referred to as Pacol/ DeFine/HF Alky complex. ... 

Arylalkanesulfonates, R(CH2)mCH(RI)(CH2)nSOj Prepared by sulfonating an olefin (alkene) and then treating it with an aromatic compound. Used in agriculture, asphalt, detergents, enhanced oil recovery from petroleum reservoirs, lubricants. 

Titan Dedtrene. [Iltan] Alkylated aromatic sulfonate wetting agent textile, leath, paper, househdd detergents. 

The salts of aromatic sulfonic acids, alkylarylsulfonates (most commonly alkylbenzenesulfonates), with the general formula RArSCk Me+ are the least expensive and most widely available synthetic surfactants. These surfactants contribute about 70% of all the manufactured anionics, which include more than 100 species. The anion of a strong acid present in the structure of these surfactants accounts for the good detergency of these... 

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