Detergents sources

Tannin-containing woods can also suffer from dark-brown stains produced by alkali, usually from a concrete or a detergent source. Conversely, fair-faced concrete can be similarly stained by the run-off water from unprotected hardwood surfaces. Some woods, e.g. afzelia, ayan and idigbo, give yellow contaminating dyes with alkaline detergents and should not be used in washrooms and kitchens. 

Figure 24.1 U.S. shipments of soaps and detergents. Source Annual Survey oj Manufactures)...

Figure 24.3 U.S. consumption of soaps vs. total synthetic detergents. (Source Chemical Economics Handbook)...

Use Soaps, detergents, source of long-chain alkyl groups. 

Use Food products (margarine, hydrogenated shortenings) synthetic cocoa butter soaps cosmetics emulsions cotton dyeing synthetic detergents source of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and methyl esters base for laundering and cleaning preparations for soft leathers. 

Use builder solution in conjunction with laundry detergent (unbuilt) at 2-4 parts bw of builder to 1 part detergent. SOURCE PQ Corp. Detergent Formulation Guide... 

Part 417 soap and detergent manufacturing point source category... 

As of the mid-1990s, soluble sihcates are used primarily as sources of reactive siUca (57%), in detergency (qv) (23%), in pulp (qv) and paper (qv) production (7%), for adhesives and binders (5%), and in other appHcations (8%). The stmcture and chemistry of solutions containing polymeric siHcate species have been characterized using modem analytical techniques. This improved understanding of siHcate speciation contributes to the development of new markets. Thus, the sodium silicates constitute a versatile, stable, and growing commodity and are ranked among the top 50 commodity chemicals. 

Historically, these sulfonates have been difficult to produce in good quaUty and to formulate into laundry powders because of thermal and hydrolytic stabihty problems. Used basically as an anionic, oleochemically sourced replacement for LAS, FAE sulfonate benefits include good detergency at low concentration, low environmental load, and good supply of high quaUty material (71). To avoid possible thermal stabihty problems, these sulfonates have found apphcation in Hquid products. They are used in at least one U.S. dishwashing Hquid, and the cocoyl derivative, Alpha-Step MC48, is marketed by Stepan Chemical Company. 

Lithium hypochlorite is used in I I laundry detergents and I I dry laundry bleaches. Like sodium hypochlorite, it does not precipitate soaps and other anionic detergents. However, lithium hypochlorite is an expensive source of available chlorine and not much is used for bleaching. Its principal use is as a shocking agent for swimming pool disinfection. 

The method has been applied to the determination of boron in river water and sewage,16 the chief sources of interference being copper(II) and zinc ions, and anionic detergents. The latter interfere by forming ion-association complexes with ferroin which are extracted by chloroform this property... 

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