Detergent transformation products

Antiseptics may also serve as municipal molecular markers. Triclosan [Structure 4 Appendix] is a common antiseptic used in toothpastes, detergents, socks, underwear, plastic products, shampoos, deodorants and soaps (Adolfsson-Erici et al., 2002 Lindstrom et al., 2002). With respect to these specific applications and to its environmental stability triclosan can be regarded as a municipal molecular marker. In the Lipper river sediments investigated methyltriclosan [Structure 5 Appendix], a methylated transformation product of the antiseptic, was identified exclusively. This methylated metabolite was formerly identified in lakes and rivers in Switzerland together with its primary substrate triclosan (Lindstrom et al., 2002). 

The first national-scale study of emerging contaminants in the United States found that such compounds were commonly present in stream systems, with 80% of the streams sampled having at least one compound detected [11]. Over 60% of the chemical concentrations exceeding 1 xg/L were from three detergent metabolites (4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenol monoethoxylate, and 4-nonylphenol diethoxylate). In addition, transformation products also were frequently detected (e.g., cotinine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, erythromycin H2O). This study indicated the enormous potential for parent compoimds to degrade during environmental transport and for the transformation products to contribute much of the relative loading of these contaminants. The results confirm the need to include both parent compoimds and transformation products in occurrence studies. 

The yielded product can be converted to a surface-active compound if at least one ester group has been transformed to the free acid or an alkali metal salt thereof [160]. There are also many compounds from phosphinic acid derivatives claimed to be useful as sequestrants and builders to improve detergency, especially bisphosphonylmethylphosphinic acids and polyphosphinic acids [structures (9) and (10)], respectively ... 

There is a great variety of ethylene oxide derivatives with differing numbers of EO oligomers produced, depending on the desired properties of the final AEs used in the detergent or cleaning preparation. When the final product is transformed into an ethoxy sulfate, the AES usually... 

The large demand for benzene is due to its use as a starting material in the production of polystyrene, acrylonitrile styrene butadiene rubber, nylons, polycarbonates and linear alkyl benzene detergent. All of these final chemical products that are suitable to form into consumer goods have multiple chemical transformations in various industrial processes to obtain them from benzene. Because the production of benzene does not involve a liquid adsorptive process on a zeolite, these processes are not described here but can be found in other sources. However, it is important to note that benzene is typically a large byproduct from an aromatics... 

Dishwash tablets have undergone a transformation in the past few years, going from a simple powder or liquid gel, to two-in-one tablets, to three-in-one tablets, to four-in-one tablets, and recently to five-in-one tablets, which were launched in 2005. This latest version comes with three sections sealed inside water soluble compartments made of the - polymer poly (vinyl alcohol). The various ingredients in a dishwash product have to be kept separate to prevent them from reacting chemically with one another. Some of the ingredients can coexist without reacting, such as the surfactants and the enzymes, as they do in laundry detergent powders, and some are most useful if they are released near the end of the wash, such as rinse aids. 

The transformation of raw materials into products of greater value by means chemical reaction is a major industry, and a vast number of commercial prod is obtained by chemical synthesis. Sulfuric acid, ammonia, ethylene, propyl phosphoric acid, chlorine, nitric acid, urea, benzene, methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol are examples of chemicals produced in the United States, billions of kilograms each year. These in turn are used in the large-scale manu ture of fibers, paints, detergents, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, insecticides, Clearly, the chemical engineer must be familiar with chemical-reactor design operation. 

An example in which a biotic transformation of a man-made pollutant generates a nontoxic product is the metabolic biotic transformation of the dodecylsulfate detergent into acetoacetic acid. On the other hand, an example of the generation of a toxic substance due to human chemical treatment is the generation of chloroform (or other organo-chlorine compounds or trihalomethanes) in treated... 

In this report, these concepts are applied to real proteins to collagen, an important structural material in tendons, bones, teeth, and skin, and to gelatin, the denatured product of collagen that is so important industrially. These materials are complex because of their 18 different, component amino acid side chains in addition, they present experimental difficulties because of their water solubility— they cannot be washed (e.g., with an aqueous detergent) to assure surface cleanliness. Furthermore, they are often of unknown purity. They do have the common polyamide backbone, and it is possible to transform the molecular configuration. The data are indicative of the potential utility of contact angle measurements of important, natural materials. No claim is made for adequate attention to the complex biochemistry of these materials. 

In order to be transformed, the substrates must be in contact with the enzyme. This is especially important if whole cells are used since the substrate, and later the product, have to pass the cytoplasmic membrane. Although in most cases the substrates are added directly or in a concentrated solution to the reaction medium, in some cases it may be preferable to add a small amount of a water-miscible solvent, e.g., lower alcohols, acetone, dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide. The addition of detergents or a combination of solvent and detergent can also be advantageous. An increasing number of reactions are performed with immobilized cells... 

The hydroformylation reaction was discovered in 1938 by Otto Roelen in the Ruhrchemie laboratories at Oberhausen (Germany) [1, 2], Since that day, hydroformylation has become a widely studied and interesting reaction for both academic and industrial researchers. This reaction consists formally in the transformation of olefins under carbon monoxide and hydrogen pressure leading to linear and branched aldehydes as primary products (see Section 2.4.1.1). The interest of such a reaction resides in the formation from an olefin of a new carbon-carbon bond with the introduction of a carbonyl function which can be easily transformed into different products of industrial interest like detergents, plasticizers, and pharmaceutical products. The overall production capacity of oxo products was estimated to be aroimd 10 million tons per year in 2001 and this production is still increasing. 

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