Detectors response time effect

Effect of Detector Response Time. The speed of response of the detector electronics can also affect resolution. Response times can also be expressed as bandwidths by multiplying by the flow rate in the appropriate units. In the previous discussion, this effect was ignored, as the time constant bandwidths were negligible less than 12.5 yl for either detector. Figure 5... 

The minority carrier sweepout effects have been observed in n-type Hg, jjCd,(Te by several investigators [4.22, 23]. The speed of response of the photoconductor is improved by biasing into the sweepout mode, as expected, and sweepout is thus a useful effect for controlling detector response time. An... 

FIRE SIMULATOR predicts the effects of fire growth in a 1-room, 2-vent compartment with sprinkler and detector. It predicts temperature and smoke properties (Oj/CO/COj concentrations and optical densities), heat transfer through room walls and ceilings, sprinkler/heat and smoke detector activation time, heating history of sprinkler/heat detector links, smoke detector response, sprinkler activation, ceiling jet temperature and velocity history (at specified radius from the flre i, sprinkler suppression rate of fire, time to flashover, post-flashover burning rates and duration, doors and windows which open and close, forced ventilation, post-flashover ventilation-limited combustion, lower flammability limit, smoke emissivity, and generation rates of CO/CO, pro iri i post-flashover. 

The most important hardware items appeared to be the detectors themselves. The gas detection system gave frequent spurious alarms, and on both platforms the ultraviolet (UV) fire detectors were also prone to spurious activation from distant hot work for example, and had a limited ability to detect real fires. The tmreliability of these systems had a general effect on response time and would, overall, lengthen the time to respond. The second aspect which was related to hardware was fimction and performance testing of the emergency blowdown systems. It is critical that the workers believe the systems will work when required, and this can only be achieved by occasional use or at least fimction testing. 

Figure 5. Selected HPLC elution profile of products obtained after incubation of 0.25% polygalacturonate with PGII, upper trace, and PGII H223A, lower trace, respectively, demonstrating the effect of the mutation on catalysis. G1 to G3 indicate the peaks of the corresponding oligogalacturonates. IS indicates the internal standard, glucuronate. The vertical axis shows the pulsed amperometric detector response while the horizontal axis shows the retention time.

Variation in sample volume is the factor that most affects the precision of quantitative measurements and the use of an injection valve may overcome this and permit the use of external standards. However, it is still often desirable to use an internal standardization procedure as this will reduce the effects of any variation in the detector responsiveness over a period of time. 

There are a number of limitations on the use of extremes of temperature in HPLC. Clicq et al. [91] note that instrumental issues become increasingly limiting as one goes to very high temperatures and flow rates. They suggest that most separations will occur below 90°C where there are less instrumental constraints. As detailed below, column bleed can limit the selection of columns. Highspeed separations require a faster detector response than many systems allow and constrain extra column volume. This is especially true for narrow bore columns and sub-2 jam particles. In many cases, the additional speed gained above the temperature limits of commercial HPLC ovens will not be worth the additional expense and complexity required. For macromolecules, the effect of extreme pressure can also impact retention time as noted by Szabelski et al. [92]. 

Now, the effective linear response function h(t) can be identified with g(t) as defined in Eqs. (25) and (29) h(t) = g(t). The primary sample response is the heterodyne diffraction efficiencyy (t) = Chet(t)- The instantaneous contribution of the temperature grating to the diffraction efficiency is expressed by the 5-function in g(t) [Eq. (25)]. After the sample, an unavoidable noise term e(t) is added. The continuous yff) is sampled by integrating with an ideal detector over time intervals At to finally obtain the time-discrete sequence y[n]. 

The detector time constant is the response time of the detector to the signal passing through it. A slower time constant will result in less apparent noise, but it will compromise signal and also resolution for closely eluting peaks. For closely eluting peaks, therefore, it is important to use a faster time constant. If there is plenty of resolution, a slower time constant will provide a smoother baseline. The effect of the time constant is illustrated in Figure 8.6. 

Detector response should be faster than the rate of change of solute concentration in the flow cell to avoid loss of information and distortion of peaks. An example of the effect of response time upon peak distortion is shown in Figure 3-9. In this case the response time was changed by adjusting... 

The snowball effect within a channel can multiply the number of electrons by 10s. A plate allows an amplification of 102-104, whereas by using several plates the amplification can reach 108. This detector is characterized by a very fast response time because the secondary electron path inside the channel is very short. In consequence, it is well suited to TOF analysers, which need precise arrival times and narrow pulse widths. Furthermore, the large detection area of the microchannel plate allows the detection of large ion beams from the analyser without additional focalization. However, the microchannel plate detectors have some disadvantages. They are fragile, sensitive to air and their large microchannel plates are expensive. 

Several studies involving FFF channel modifications and new experimental procedures have been aimed at increasing detectability. For example, frit-outlet flow FFF utilizes a section of the frit depletion wall near the channel outlet to remove sample-free carrier and, thus, concentrate the separated sample just prior to its reaching the detector. A 10-fold increase in the detector response of purified proteins was achieved without any effect on retention time or resolution [8]. Frit-inlet flow FFF involves a... 

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