Outlet channels

For 90° elbows off of top vapor outlet channels, the area of nozzle for flow must be minimum of 1.25 X the flow area (net) of all tubes. 

Figure 5.11 Schematic of the single-channel chip micro reactor. Divergent inlet channels (A) secondary inlet channel (B) serpentine irradiation channel (center) outlet channel (Q [21. ...

In Fig. 9, the cathode block (4) of stainless steel includes inlet and outlet channels (6) that are each cormected by 6 boreholes for uniform flow distribution to the cathode surface (details see cross section 7). The anode (2) is a platinum foil of 18 cm active area with the brass cover plate (1) as current feeder. The electrode distance is given by the sealing gasket (3), for example, silicon rubber of 0.2-1 mm [85]. 

The contraction of the exhaust gas at the entrance of the inlet channels and its expansion at the exit of the outlet channels causes inertial losses. It has been shown in Konstandopoulos et al. (2001) that CFD calculations or experiments are the only means to evaluate these losses, since estimations on literature correlations (which are not specifically developed for the honeycomb structure of the DPF) are not sufficiently accurate for such evaluations. Moreover, the influence of the soot cake on these losses has never before been studied in a thorough fashion. To improve the inclusion of such phenomena in DPF... 

D CFD calculations were performed with a commercial CFD package (Fluent Inc., 2001) taking advantage of the symmetry of the problem. The physical domain modeled is the one shown in Fig. 26, which includes part of the inlet, the outlet channel and the wall. The computational domain also includes sufficiently large sections upstream and downstream of the channel to obtain well-developed flow. This approach for modeling DPFs has been used and validated in the past (Konstandopoulos et al., 2001, 2003) where the reader can find more detailed descriptions of the procedure followed for the domain and mesh creation. 

The ash simulation model (Konstandopoulos et al., 2003 Rodriguez-Perez et al., 2004) consists of ash transport and ash layer evolution equations describing the interaction between ash deposition and re-entrainment in the channels along with the gas mass balance and momentum balance equations in the inlet and outlet channels of the DPF. Ash re-entrainment is initiated by flow... 

Deoiled water passes from the plate pack into an interceptor bay, over an outlet weir, and into the outlet channel as shown in a very early design (Fig. 1). This particular design, which consists of a concrete-lined pit buill in the ground, was utilized for refinery wasle-water service. 

Mixer material Silicon Inlet and outlet channel width 50 pm... 

M 4] [P 3] Using the improved EKI mixer device, bulk-averaged flow velocities in the outlet channel and in the mixing chamber were 0.5 and 0.16 mm s 1, respectively [25]. The corresponding Reynolds number (Re) is 1.5. 

The initial bimodal distribution in the mixing chamber changes to a unimodal distribution after about 2.5 ms of application of the AC field [25, 93], A similar behavior is found for the outlet channel, downstream of the mixing chamber. A slight bimodality is, however, still present, caused by an unmixed stagnant layer in the corner of the mixing chamber. 

This micro device for ultrasonic mixing was made from two plates, one of which has a shallow open volume to give a micro chamber after assembly (see Figure 1.31) [22], The area that actually covers the micro chamber is considerably thinned compared with the remaining thickness of the top plate. On this diaphragm, a thin PZT membrane is deposited, which acts as ultrasonic wave generator. The micro chamber is connected to two inlet channels and one outlet channel. 

Mixer type Cross-shaped micro mixer with static mixing elements Outlet channel width, depth 30 pm, 40 pm... 

In a cross-flow configuration, one stream with one fluid enters from the left and two streams carrying the same other fluid are fed from above and below [112]. The latter have much larger flow rates as the first stream so that this layer is hydro-dynamically compressed when all three streams enter the outlet channel on the right side of the cross. The channel which carries the stream to be focused narrows to a kind of nozzle when approaching the T-junchon... 

Figure 1.70 (a) Schematic of a 3-inlet/9-outlet microfluidic network, (b) Linear and (c, d) parabolic gradients of fluorescein in solution. The inlet concentrations are indicated by I,. The plots show the fluorescence intensity profile across the broad outlet channel. The theoretically calculated concentration profiles and the contributions of the individual inlets are marked [117] (by courtesy of ACS). 

Nozzle width, liquid and gas side 50 pm, 30 pm Outlet channel diameter 500 pm... 

P 67] Simulations were made following experiments made previously [156], Therein 0.11 mM Rhodamine B solutions in 20 mM carbonate buffer were mixed with the same carbonate buffer. For the buffer solution, the physical properties of water were approximated. For Rhodamine B, a diffusion coefficient of 2.8 10-6 cm2 s-1 was taken. Electroosmotic flow was applied for liquid transport. For all of the walls in the domain the electroosmotic (EO) mobility was set to 3.4 10-4 cm2 V-1 s 1, which corresponds to a zeta potential (Q of-44.1 mV. The electric field in the outlet channel was 1160 V cm-1. The Reynolds number was 0.22. The electric field strength was set low in order to decrease diffusive (pre-)mixing prior to the groove structure. 

Time pulsing can be characterized by the Strouhal number (St), which is a dimensionless parameter describing the ratio of the flow characteristic time scale (L/V) to the pulse time period (1/j) [Eq. (1.8)] [26], where Lis the hydraulic diameter, V the average velocity in the outlet channel and/the pulsing frequency. For a pulsing frequency of 5 Hz, a Strouhal number of 0.375 derives. 

A microfluidic system was made consisting of a Y-type channel structure and a packed bed of micro beads in a zone in the center of the outlet channel [162]. At the end of the micro-bead bed a weir is placed. The outlet channel then reopens to a larger flow zone which has several parallel micro channels, splitting the main flow into many sub-streams. These micro channels serve as spatially addressable detection lanes. 

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