Desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry

Huikko, K., Oestman, P., Sauber, C., Mandel, F., Grigoras, K., Franssila, S., Kotiaho, T., and Kostiainen, R. (2003). Feasibility of atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry in analysis of drugs. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 17 1339-1343. 

Nichols, K.P., Azoz, S., Gardeniers, H.J.G.E. (2008) Enzyme Kinetics by Directly Imaging a Porous Silicon Microfluidic Reactor Using Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry. (2008) Anal. Chem. 80 8314-8319. 

Thomas, J.J., Shen, Z., Blackledge, R., Siuzdak, G. (2001) Desorption-ionization on silicon mass spectrometry an apphcation in forensics. Analytica Chimica Acta, 442, 183-190. 

Ostman P, Pakaiinen JMH, Vainiotalo P, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T (2006) Minimum proton affinity for efficient ionization with atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20 3669-3673... 

Prenni JE, Shen Z, Trauger S, Chen W, Siuzdak G (2003) Protein characterization using liquid chromatography desorption ionization on silicon mass spectrometry (LC-DIOS-MS). Spectroscopy 17 693-698... 

Thomas JJ, Shen Z, Blackledge R, Siuzdak G (2001b) Desorption-ionization on silicon mass spectrometry an application in forensics. Anal Chim Acta 442 183-190 Trauger SA, Go EP, Shen Z, Apon JV, Compton BJ, Bouvier ESP, Finn MG, Siuzdak G (2004) High sensitivity and analyte capture with desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on silylated porous silicon. Anal Chem 76 4484-4489... 

Go, E.P. Shen, Z. Harris, K. Siuzdak, G. Quantitative Analysis With Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry Using Electrospray Deposition. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75,5475-5479. 

Nordstrom, A. Apon, L Urttboonthai, W. Go, E. Siuzdak, G. Surfactant-enhanced desorption/ionization on silicon mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 272-278. 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

W. G. Lewis, Z. Shen, M. G. Finn, and G. Siuzdak. Desorption/Ionization On Silicon (DIOS) Mass Spectrometry Background and Applications. Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 226(2003) 107-116. 

Go, E. P. Prenni, J. E. Wei, J. Jones, A. Hall, S. C. Witkowska, H. E. Shen, Z. Siuzdak, G. Desorption/ ionization on silicon time-of-flight/ time-of-flight mass spectrometry. 

Lewis, W.G., Shen, Z., Finn, M.G., Siudzak, G. Desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS) mass spectrometry background and applications. Int. ]. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 226, 107-116. 

G. A mass spectrometry plate reader monitoring enzyme activity and inhibition with a desorption/ ionization on silicon (DIOS) platform. ChemBioChem 2004, 5, 921-927. 

Wall, D. B., Finch, J. W., and Cohen, S. A. (2004). Comparison of desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS) time-of-flight and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for assaying enzyme-inhibition reactions. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 18 1482-1486. 

Liu Q, Guo Z, He L (2007) Mass spectrometry imaging of small molecules using desorption/ ionization on silicon. Anal Chem 79 3535-3541. doi 10.1021/ac0611465... 

A continuous improvement has allowed analysis to reach detection limits at the pico-, femto- and attomole levels [72,73], Furthermore, the direct coupling of chromatographic techniques with mass spectrometry has improved these limits to the atto- and zeptomole levels [74,75], A sensitivity record obtained by mass spectrometry has been demonstrated by using modified desorption/ionization on silicon DIOS method to measure concentration of a peptide in solution. This technique has achieved a lower detection limit of 800 yoctomoles, which corresponds to about 480 molecules [76]. 

Go EP, Prenni JE, Wei J, Jones A, Hall SC, Witkowska HE, Shen Z, Siuzdak G. Desorption/ionization on silicon time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003 75(10) 2504-2506. 

Figure 3.11 summarizes such key experimental points. As a first point, we have to choose the appropriate ionization method for the detection of small metabolites, we have alternative choices other than MALDI, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [15], nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) [20,21], desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS) [22], nanoparticle-assisted laser desorptiopn/ ionization (nano-PALDI) [23], and even laser desorption/ionization (LDI) [24,25]. We consider that MALDI is stiU the most versatile method, particularly due to the soft ionization capability of intact analyte. However, other methods each have unique advantages for example, SIMS and nano-PALDI have achieved higher spatial resolution than conventional MALDI-IMS, and above aU, these mentioned alternative methods are all matrix-free methods, and thus can exclude the interruption of the matrix cluster ion. Next, if MALDI is chosen, experimenters should choose a suitable matrix compound, solvent composition, and further matrix application method for their target analyte. All these factors are critical to obtain sufficient sensitivity because they affect efficiency of analyte extraction, condition of cocrystallization, and, above all, analyte-ionization efficiency. In addition, based on the charge state of the analyte molecule, suitable MS polarity (i.e., positive/ negative ion detection mode) should be used in MS measurement. Below, we shall describe the key experimental points for MALDI-IMS applications of representative metabolites. 

Law KP (2010) Laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on nanostructured semiconductor substrates DIOS (TM) and QuickMass (TM). Int J Mass Spectrom 290 72-84 Law KP, Larkin JR (2011) Recent advances in SALDI-MS techniques and their chemical and bioanalytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 399 2597-2622 Lewis WG, Shen Z, Finn MG, Siuzdak G (2003) Desorption/ionization on silicon (DIOS) mass spectrometry background and applications. Int J Mass Spectrom 226 107-116 Li Q, Alonso R, Renner SA, Winefordner JD, Powell DH (2005) Desorption/ionization on porous silicon mass spectrometry studies on pentose-borate complexes. Anal Chem 77 4503-4508 Lin Z, Zhang S, Zhao M, Yang C, Chen D, Zhang X (2008) Rapid screening of clenbuterol in urine samples by desorption electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22 1882-1888... 

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