Design release mitigation

Those who respond to a release are usually heading into an area from which everyone else is trying to escape. Well-designed postrelease mitigation measures can provide response personnel with safer access to the hazard zone. Off-site consequences can be significantly reduced, as well. 

Only the systems designed to be Involved with release mitigation during a reactor accident are presented here, and thus the filtering for the containment under pressure and ventilation systems are... 

Minimize core damage frequency and large release fi equency as calculated by a robust probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), by designing out failure modes in lieu of designing in mitigation features. 

Instrumentation (Arthur D. Little, Inc., and Levine, 1986.) Instrument systems are an essential part of the safe design and operation of systems for storing and handling highly toxic hazardous materials. They are key elements of systems to eliminate the threat of conditions that could result in loss of containment. They are also used for early detection of releases so that mitigating ac tion can be taken before these releases result in serious effects on people in the plant or in the public sector, or on the environment. 

The various lines of defense that have been ineorporated into the design and operation of the proeess to prevent or mitigate the release of hazardous ehemieals need to be evaluated and strengthened to ensure their effeetiveness at eaeh level. Proeess safety management is the proaetive identifieation, evaluation and mitigation, or prevention of ehemieal... 

Pulp and paper mills are subject to a section of the CAA that states that stationary sources using extremely hazardous substances have a general duty to initiate specific activities to prevent and mitigate accidental releases. The general duty requirements apply to stationary sources that produce, process, handle, or store these substances, regardless of the quantity. The general duty clause requires facilities to identify hazards that may result from accidental releases, to design and maintain a safe facility, and to minimize the consequences of releases when they occur. 

Local containment is a passive mitigation system intended to retain liquid spills or releases from process systems within the immediate area of the release. Local containment may be appropriate where the quantity of potential flammable or combustible liquid spills is well defined and small to moderate. Where larger quantities of liquids are involved, e.g. continuous process operations, local containment alone is usually not an appropriate design. Containment systems are commonly used for the following purposes ... 

When considering the potential for ecological impacts, understanding exposure is vital. Without exposure (whether release to the environment is intentional or not), there is no risk to ecosystems, regardless of the toxicity of the chemical. Therefore, mitigating possible exposure to toxic compounds, whether through chemical design... 

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