Design and manufacture

In designing with a composite material it is essential to identify the directions and magnitudes of the stresses accurately and place the fibres as required. For thermosetting matrix composites the maximum stress should not, even locally, exceed the elastic limit. 

Certain materials, for example glass fibre mats and moulding compounds, may be formed directly by moulding or stamping, but in many applications the final product is made in one operation starting from the basic fibre and matrix. 

Generally if the performance of a composite or component appears substandard the processing route should always be carefully examined. Small changes in this can lead to significant increases or decreases in the quality and performance of an artefact. 

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In both cases special probes were designed and manufactured For the first ease a special probe which fits geometrically exactly to the contour of the turbine blade and in the other case a combined transducer system was developed which enables a continuous measurement of... 

Inspection jobs are often so special regarding to object geometry, available space, or inspection requirements that a standard scanner is not directly useful for the job. This leads to modifications of existing scarmer equipment, or design and manufacture of a dedicated scanner under a tight time schedule. 

A modular scanner system for NDE has been developed. It consists of a selection of individual electronics and motor module components, supported by scanner configuration and control software. The modules are used as standard building blocks for construction of job specific, dedicated scanners as well and general purpose scanners. The use of modular scanner components significantly reduce the work, time and cost not only for the design and manufacture but also for establishing documentation and ensure compliance with the relevant EU-directive requirements. 

Technical requirements Sound engineering practice, essential requirements tarticle 3t The directive includes a particular technical requirement with respect to equipment which presents only a minor pressure hazard. For such equipment the essential requirements and the certification procedures are not applicable. Instead the so-called sound engineering practice of one of the Member States must be applied. That practice must ensure that design and manufacture takes into account all relevant factors influencing safety during the intended lifetime. The equipment must be accompanied with adequate instruetions for use and must bear the identification of the manufacturer. The CE-marking shall not be applied for such equipment. 

Figure C2.11.1. A flow chart summarizing tire ceramic design and manufacturing process.

CAD software packages [COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING(CAD/CAM)] (Vol7) -use of plasma technology [PLASMA TECFINOLOGY] (Vol 19)... 

The design and manufacture of adsorbents for specific appHcations involves manipulation of the stmcture and chemistry of the adsorbent to provide greater attractive forces for one molecule compared to another, or, by adjusting the size of the pores, to control access to the adsorbent surface on the basis of molecular size. Adsorbent manufacturers have developed many technologies for these manipulations, but they are considered proprietary and are not openly communicated. Nevertheless, the broad principles are weU known. 

The multiorifice spinnerets require a high degree of precision in design and manufacture. The main problems encountered are the deHvery of identical quantities of dope to each orifice and the instantaneous self-adjustment of the spinneret s internal pressure if an orifice plugs during spinning. 

Concepts and Processes. Contemporary dosage forms are dmg dehvery systems, designed and manufactured to achieve safe and effective therapeutic responses each time the forms are used as part of an appropriate regimen. Thus, the intent of the prescriber is accompHshed when the product is used compliantly by the patient (12—14). Each dmg product involves several interrelated concepts that must be considered in its design and manufacture (15). Examples include the following ... 

At least two manufacturers have developed and installed machines rated to produce more than 210 MW of electricity in the simple-cycle mode. In both cases, the machines were designed and manufactured through cooperative ventures between two or more international gas turbine developers. One 50-Hz unit, first installed as a peaking power faciUty in France, is rated for a gross output of 212 MW and a net simple-cycle efficiency of 34.2% for natural-gas firing. When integrated into an enhanced three-pressure, combined-cycle with reheat, net plant efficiencies in excess of 54% reportedly can be achieved. 

The major load-bearing member of cord—mbber composites is the cord, which provides strength and many other critical properties essential for tire performance. Cords in pHes form the stmctural backbone of the tire. The mbber plays the important but secondary role of transmitting load to the cords via shearing stresses at the cord—mbber interface. Other expected performance characteristics of the tire are due to design and manufacturing processes. Table 5 (96) identifies several tire performance characteristics and how they are dependent on tire cord properties. 

In addition to developiag satisfactory catalysts, the designer also may have to develop a catalyst support or work with a support manufacturer to achieve this. In iadustry, catalyst manufacturers either form symbiotic relationships with support manufacturers or become experts ia support design and manufacture themselves. There have been a number of iadustrial acquisitions and joiat ventures formed to exploit just such a relationship. 

Automotive Catalytic Converter Catalysts. California environmental legislation in the early 1960s stimulated the development of automobile engines with reduced emissions by the mid-1960s, led to enactment of the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, and resulted in a new industry, the design and manufacture of the automotive catalytic converter (50). Between 1974 and 1989, exhaust hydrocarbons were reduced by 87% and nitrogen oxides by 24%. 

Y. C. Pao, Elements of Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturings] ohxi Wdey Sons, Inc., New York, 1984. 

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