Description and measurement

With the discovery of crystalline polypropylene in the early 1950 s, polymer stereochemical configuration was established as a property fundamental to formulating both polymer physical characteristics and mechanical behavior. Although molecular asymmetry was well understood, polymer asymmetry presented a new type of problem. Both a description and measurement of polymer asymmetry were essential for an understanding of the polymer structure. 

Rao, V.N.M. 1992. Classification, description and measurement of viscoelastic properties of solid foods. In Viscoelastic Properties of Foods (M.A. Rao and J.F. Steffe, eds.) pp. 3-47. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York. 

But this analogy is suspicious. In mechanics ideal plane serves as a benchmark of description, and measurements and calculations do tell us exactly how far a particular system is from the ideal. Epistemically ideal conditions are not like that. 

Imperfect symmetry can be viewed in the broader context of molecular distortions. In this book the emphasis is on descriptions and measures based on topological arguments [54,55,106,108,158,240,243,247,248,345,444,445], or on the related concepts of syntopy [252,394,395] and symmorphy [43,108] discussed briefly in subsequent parts of this chapter. For a variety of alternative approaches and important additional insight, the reader may consult references [58,446-449]. 

The following quantities and terms are essential to the description and measurement of various forms of ionizing radiation. 

Simulations of airflow patterns were comparable with descriptions and measurements of flow in nasal molds of each species (Kepler et al. 1998 Kimbell et al. 1997a Subramaniam et al. 1998). 

Sensory analysis is concerned with quantifying human responses to stimuli. It is a precise, descriptive and measuring technique that characterizes the stimulus. In this case, the particular concern is to evaluate the odour of a perfume, perfume ingredient or perfumed product. This is an important process in enabling the perfumer to understand and quantify the sensory characteristics of the product, as only then can they be manipulated in a controlled way as part of the creative process. 

Kirton, M. J., 1976. Adaptors and Innovators a Description and Measure. J. Applied Psychology 61 622-629. 

Finally, rapid profiling techniques may be adapted to go beyond sensory description and measure consumer responses linked to expectations, emotions, evocations, images, lifestyles, etc. Most recent developments in this direction are very promising. 

Barbel Kolbe After graduating in Chemical Engineering I finished my thesis on the description and measurement of the properties of liquid mixtures at the University of Dortmund in the research group of Jurgen Gmehling in 1983. 

Mehrabian A. Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states. Genetic, Social General Psychology Monographs 1995 121(3) 341. PuhMed PMID 9510181665. 

The word statistic can refer to almost any number connected to data. When statistics are discussed as a discipline, though, there is a multistep process that most projects follow definition and design, collection, description and measurement, and analysis and interpretation. 

Description and Measurement. Collected data must be stored, arranged, and presented in a way that can be used by statisticians to form statistics and draw conclusions. Grade-point averages, for example, might he compared easily if all the survey participants attended the same school. If different schools or grading systems were used, the statistician must develop rules about how to convert the averages into a form that would allow them to he compared. Once these conversions are made, the statistician would decide whether to present the data in a table, chart, or other form. 

R. S. Duran and McKenna, A Torsional Dilatometer for Volume Change Measurements on Deformed Glasses Instrument Description and Measurements on Equilibrated Glasses , J. Rheol. 34, 813-839 (1990). 

The concept of hard and soft systems appears in system theory. In hard systems, the components and their interactions can be described by mathematical models. Soft systems cannot be described as easily. They are mostly human activity systems, which imply unpredictable behavior and nonuniformity. They introduce difficulties and uncertainties of conceptualization, description, and measurement. The kinds of system concepts and methodology described earlier cannot be applied. 

C Deformation and Degradation of Solid Bodies and Materials Description and Measurements... 

Duran, R.S. and McKenna, G.B. A torsional dilatometer for volume change measurements on deformed glasses Instrument description and measurements on equilibrated glasses, J. Rheol. 34, 1990, p. 813-839. 

Anthropometries involves the quantitative descriptions and measurements of the physical body variations in people. These metrics are useful in human factors design and human engineering. System designs that do not appropriately account for anthropometric considerations can often lead to safety problems. 

---