Depurative

Endosulfan does not bioaccumulate to high concentrations in terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems, residue levels in fish generally peak within 7 days to 2 weeks of continuous exposure to endosulfan. Maximum bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are usually less than 3,000, and residues are eliminated within 2 weeks of transfer to clean water (NRCC 1975). A maximum BCE of 600 was reported for a-endosulfan in mussel tissue (Ernst 1977). In a similar study, endosulfan, isomers not specified, had a measured BCE of 22.5 in mussel tissue (Roberts 1972). Tissue concentrations of a-endosulfan fell rapidly upon transfer of the organisms to fresh seawater for example, a depuration half-life of 34 hours (Ernst 1977). Higher BCFs were reported for whole-body and edible tissues of striped mullet (maximum BCF=2,755) after 28 days of exposure to endosulfan in seawater (Schimmel et al. 1977). However, tissue concentrations decreased to undetectable levels 48 hours after the organisms were transferred to uncontaminated seawater. Similarly, a BCE of 2,650 was obtained for zebra fish exposed to 0.3 pg/L of endosulfan for 21 days in a flow-through aquarium (Toledo and Jonsson 1992). It was noted that endosulfan depuration by fish was rapid, with approximately 81% total endosulfan eliminated within 120 hours when the fish were placed in a tank of water containing no endosulfan. 

McElroy AE, JC Means (1988) Uptake, metabolism, and depuration of PCBs by the polychaete. Nereis virens Aquat Toxicol 11 416-417. 

Burger J, Snodgrass J. 1998. Heavy metals in bullfrog (Ratia catesbeiana) tadpoles effects of depuration before analysis. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 2203-2209. 

Cheung YH and Wong MH (1997) Depuration and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by dams from Tolo harbour, Hongkong. Toxicol Environ Chem 58 103-116. 

Ueki, Y., Shoji, M., Suto, A., Tanabe, T., Okimura, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Saito, N., Sano, D., and Omura, T. (2007). Persistence of caliciviruses in artificially contaminated oysters during depuration. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 5698-5701. 

Clifton RJ, Stevens HE, Hamilton EL 1983. Concentration and depuration of some radionuclides present in a chronically exposed population of mussels (mytilus edulis). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 11(3) 245-256. 

Clifton RJ, Stevens HE, Hamilton El. 1989. Uptake and depuration of241 Am, 239+240Pu, 238Pu, 137Cs and 106Ru by mytilus edulis under natural stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 54 91-98. 

TOXIC. This code (48-51) was developed at the University of Iowa as an elaboration of the SRI model. To its predecessor, it adds a fish uptake and depuration model and expanded dynamic capabilities. The code was developed during the course of field... 

Korn, S. et al. (1977) The uptake, distribution and depuration of carbon-14 labelled benzene and carbon-14 labelled toluene in pacific herring. Fish Bull. Natl. Marine Fish Set 75, 633-636. 

Nunes, P., Benville, P.E., Jr. (1979) Uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the Manila clams, Tapes semidecussata Reeve. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21, 719-724. 

Biota depuration t,A = 5.1 d (guppies, Opperhuizen et al. 1985 quoted, Crookes Howe 1993)... 

Frank, A.P., Landrum, P.F., Eadie, B. J. (1986) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon rates of uptake, depuration, and biotransformation by Lake Michigan Stylodrilus heringianus. Chemosphere 15, 317-330. 

Magnusson, K., Ekelund, R., Ingebrigtsen, K., Granmo, A., Brandt, I. (2000) Tissue disposition of benzol a Ipyrcnc in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and effect of algal concentration on metabolism and depuration. Environ, Toxicol. Chem. 19, 2683-2690. 

Spacie, A., Landrum, R.F., Leversee, G.J. (1983) Uptake, depuration and biotransformation of anthracene and benzo-o-pyrene in bluegill sunfish. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 7, 330-341. 

Two species of freshwater aquatic mosses (Fontinalis dalecarlica, Platyhypnidium riparoides) exposed to concentrations between 0.5 and 6.5 pg Cd/L for 28 days had accumulation factors as high as 137,000 and 158,000, respectively (Gagnon etal. 1998). Accumulations increased with increasing cadmium concentration and decreasing water hardness. Cadmium tended to persist in these mosses. During a depuration period of 28 days following the 28-day exposure, only 37 to 48% of the accumulated cadmium was eliminated (Gagnon et al. 1998). 

Zaroogian, G.E. 1979. Studies on the depuration of cadmium and copper by the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23 117-122. 

American oyster, Crassostrea virginica-, adults with soft parts containing 837 mg/kg DW were held in flowing seawater of 1-2 pg Cu/L for 56 weeks No significant depuration soft parts contained 746-1526 mg/kg DW during exposure 26... 

Han, B.C., W.L. Jeng, Y.N. Tsai, and M.S. Jeng. 1993. Depuration of copper and zinc by green oysters and blue mussels of Taiwan. Environ. Pollut. 82 93-97. 

Mersch, J., E. Morhain, and C. Mouvet. 1993. Laboratory accumulation and depuration of copper and cadmium in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides. Chemosphere 27 1475-1485. 

---