Depressive disorders biological

Keller, Martin, Stuart Montgomery, William Ball, Mary Morrison, Duane Snavely, Guanghan Liu, Richard Hargreaves, Jarmo Hietala, Christopher Lines, Katherine Beebe and Scott Reines, Lack of Efficacy of the Substance P (Neurokinini Receptor) Antagonist Aprepitant in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder , Biological Psychiatry 59 (2006) 216-23... 

Surguladze, S., Brammer, M.J., Keedwell, P., Giampietro, V., Young, A.M., Travis, M.J., Wiliams, S.C., and Phillips. M.L. (2005). A differential pattern of neural response toward sad versus happy facial expression in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 21-209. 

Bauer M et al. (2002). World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. Part 1 Acute and continuation treatment of major depressive disorder. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 3, 5-43. 

Potter, W., Grossman, G. and Rudorfer, M. Noradrenergic function in depressive disorders. In Biology of Depressive Disorder Part A A System Perspective. Ed. Kupfer, D. J. New York Plenum Press, 1993, pp 1-27. 

Ryan, N., and Dahl, R. (1993) The biology of depression in children and adolescents. In Mann, J. and Kupfer, D., eds. The Biology of Depressive Disorders. New York Plenum Press, pp. 37-58. 

Ryan ND, Dahl RE The biology of depression in children and adolescents, in Biology of Depressive Disorders, Part B Subtypes of Depression and Gomorbid Disorders. Edited by Mann JJ, Kupfer D. New York, Plenum, 1994 Rybakowski J, Erazer A, Mendels J Lithium efflux from erythrocytes incubated in vitro during lithium carbonate administration. Communications in Psychopharmacology 2 105-112, 1978... 

Thus, sleep deprivation may be an alternative somatic approach that holds promise for the treatment of certain depressive disorders, as well as being an aid in elucidating the biological basis of mood disorders (183). Further preliminary evidence indicates a role for sleep deprivation when used concomitantly or consecutively with antidepressants or with bright light therapy (184). 

In clinical studies, major depressive disorder has had four specifiers, including melancholic feature, atypical feature, catatonic feature, and postpartum onset. In the future, we should investigate the distributions of the four specifiers of depression among patients with physical illness and discuss which biological markers could link the depressive disorder and the physical illness. 

Increased cortisol levels belong among the most significant biological markers of depressive disorders. This was known more than 30 years ago, when increased cortisol secretion (predominantly in the afternoon and early morning hours) was described [30]. 

Despite more than 200 years of intensive research, no commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders have been proven to be either genetic or biological in origin, including the diagnostic categories of schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, the various anxiety disorders, and childhood disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity. 

A well-established biological correlate for major depressive disorder involves... 

Since its introduction several decades ago for the occasional treatment of "psychotic excitement", lithium is still a mainstay in the treatment and prophylaxis of manic-depressive disorders [1]. The biologic basis for the clinical efficacy of lithium is not completely known. Interestingly, the agent relieves both mania and depression, states which appear to be opposites. Its therapeutic range, however, is narrow, and even at the lowest effective dosage, some unwanted side effects may occur [2]. Serum levels above 1.5 mEq/L often result in acute intoxication, which may... 

Altered perception. Biologic effects can contribute to the pessimistic thinking seen in depressive disorders and the tendency to anticipate fearful outcomes often seen in anxiety disorders. 

Biologically based depressive disorders, in their purest form, are not seen as a reaction to stressors. In fact, they can emerge apparently spontaneously, "out... 

The dynamical diseases with altered dynamical complexity and rhythms in comparison with those during the normal states have been identified in many illnesses including depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, substance abuse, Parkinson s disease, age-related diseases, osteoporosis, and hyperparathyroidism [41-48], For instance, affective problems such as depressive disorders have shown fluctuating state variables at both biological and psychological levels, and the complex phenomena in such diseases may be represented with the nonlinear interactions of these variables [49]. In another example, a nonlinear relationship has been established between obesity and diurnal cortisol secretion [50], In addition, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been found to be a dynamical disease as it is closely associated with B cell cycles [51]. Recent studies of microRNAs (miRNAs), their associations with cell cycle regulations and their roles in complex diseases such as... 

The etiology of depressive disorders is too complex to be totally explained by a single social, developmental, or biologic theory. Several... 

Traditional explanations of the biologic basis of depressive disorders have focused largely on NE and 5-HT however, most of the evidence that coalesced into the biogenic amine hypothesis of depression does not clearly distinguish between NE and DA. ... 

Finally one particular problem of alkali ion complex specificity of enormous medical relevance should be mentioned, i.e. the finding that lithium is very effective as a psychoactive agent in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders. This finding, first made by Cade320 in 1949, and systematically investigated by Schou and his coworkers321 has stimulated many studies of biological effects of lithium. 

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