Neural response

The speed with which taste stimulation occurs, coupled with the fact that stimulation with toxic substances does no damage to the receptors, led Beidler to suggest that taste stimulus need not enter the interior of the taste cell in order to initiate excitation. Because a taste cell has been shown to be sensitive to a number of taste qualities, and to a large number of chemical stimuli, he and his coworkers concluded that a number of different sites of adsorption must exist on the surface of the cell. Therefore, they assumed that taste response results from adsorption of chemical stimuli to the surface of the receptor at given receptor sites. This adsorption is described by a monomolecular reaction similar to that assumed by Renqvist, Lasareff, and Hahn, but with a difference. From the fact that each type of chemical-stimulus compound has a unique level of saturation of the taste receptor, it was concluded that the magnitude of the response is dependent on the initial reaction with the receptor, and not on other, subsequent receptor-reactions that are common to all types of receptor stimulation. Therefore, it was assumed that the magnitude of neural response is directly proportional to the number of sites filled, the maximum response occurring when all of the sites are filled. Beidler derived a fundamental... 

Coopersmith, R. and Leon, M. (1984) Enhanced neural response to familiar olfactory cues. Science 225, 849-851. 

Some functional neuroimaging studies have examined the effects of scopolamine in cognitive tasks. Although scopolamine inhibits increases in cerebral blood flow to somatosensory stimulation, it does not inhibit the neural response (Ogawa et al. 1994). Thus, cholinergic systems may be involved in coordination of cerebral blood flow increases to neural activation. Subjects performing an attentional auditory discrimination... 

Neural Responses to Stimuli Associated with Smoking. 124... 

Aosaki, T, Grayhiel, A.M., and Kimura, M. (1994). Effect of the nigrostriatal dopamine system on acquired neural responses in the striatum of behaving monkeys. Science 265 412-415. 

Tougaard, J., Casseday, J. H. and Covey, E. (1998). Arctiid moths and bat echolocation broad band clicks interfere with neural responses to auditory stimuli in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus of the big brown bat. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 182 203-215. 

A physician friend of mine has expressed it using a neurological vocabulary "If it [the drug] delayed only the neural response to a stimulus, then pitch might have been shifted down, and yet harmony between notes should have been preserved. A variable delay related to the pitch of the stimulus would produce the disharmony but would not explain the preservation of normal relationship between single tones. It seems clear that this compound affects the auditory processing centers in the brain in a complex way which deserves further scientific study. The lack of significant toxic effects should make this compound useful for further studies."... 

Figure 6.9 Simulated neural response for impaired outer cell function 6.3.2 Summary...

Moreover, the SM2/AM1 calculations indicated that free energy terms associated with cavity formation, solvent reorganization, and dispersion interactions can be correlated to binding affinity, activation and neural response at the L-ala-nine receptor. From the consideration of this model, molecular features of the... 

Age and hormone-level dependent plasticity in antennal lobe neural responses... 

Surguladze, S., Brammer, M.J., Keedwell, P., Giampietro, V., Young, A.M., Travis, M.J., Wiliams, S.C., and Phillips. M.L. (2005). A differential pattern of neural response toward sad versus happy facial expression in major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 21-209. 

Polyols. Linear polyols containing two carbon to seven carbon atoms all evoked neural responses. Two important results were observed (Figure 8)s (1) The effectiveness (CR q.) of the polyols increased as the chain length increased up to five carbon atoms (2) In contrast to monosaccharides, the configurations of linear polyol may not play a role in the taste response. This is indicated by the identical responses to the four pentitols D-arabinitol, L-arabinitol, D-ribitol, or D-xylitol. 

Methyl a-D-glucopyranoside and methyl B-D-fructo-furanoside, which have structural features in common with sucrose were the most effective monosaccharides for eliciting a neural response. (3) The lengths of superimposed Dreiding models of a pentitol and sucrose coincide almost perfectly. (This could account for the leveling off of the response to the polyols as the... 

The effect is a nerve-mediated increased insulin secretion, particularly increased first phase activity [41-43], but the effect on glucose uptake is more pronounced. It appears that the neural response can increase the translocation of GLUT4 much like the effect of exercise and without concomitant changes in insulin concentration [44]. 

Shi L.H., Luo F., Woodward D.J., Chang J.Y. Basal ganglia neural response during behaviorally effective deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats... 

The relationship between stimulus concentration and neural response is not a simple one. As the stimulus concentration increases, the response increases at a decreasing rate until a point is reached where further increase in stimulus concentration does not produce a further increase in response. Beidler (1954) proposed the following equa-... 

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