Depressive disorders Americans

Birmaher, B., Brent, D.A., and Benson, R.S. (1998) Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 1234-1238. 

Lithium has been proven effective for acute and prophylactic treatment of both manic and depressive episodes in patients with bipolar illness (American Psychiatric Association 2002). However, patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (i.e., patients who experience four or more mood disorder episodes per year) have been reported to respond less well to lithium treatment (Dunner and Fieve 1974 Prien et al. 1984 Wehr et al. 1988). Lithium is also effective in preventing future depressive episodes in patients with recurrent unipolar depressive disorder (American Psychiatric Association 2002) and as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in depressed patients whose illness is partially refractory to treatment with antidepressants alone (discussed in Chapter 2). Furthermore, hthium may be useful in maintaining remission of depressive disorders after electroconvulsive therapy (Coppen et al. 1981 Sackeim et al. 2001). Lithium also has been used effectively in some cases of aggression and behavioral dyscontrol. 

The diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiah ic Association, 2000) are ... 

The mood and anxiety disorders in their various permutations constitute a major source of personal suffering and impaired ability to engage in productive Avork and interpersonal relationships. Between 5 and 9% of women and between 2 and 3% of men meet the diagnostic criteria for major depression at any time 10-25% of all women suffer major depression sometime in their lives, while 5-10% of men will develop major depressive disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The anxiety disorders obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) show lifetime prevalence rates of approximately 2.5%, 7%, 2.5%, and 5% respectively. Between 3 and 13% of individuals in community samples are regarded to meet the diagnostic criteria for social phobia. Mood and anxiety disorders are common comorbidities (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the most common antidepressant medications including the serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the mixed serotonin-catecholamine reuptake inhibitors, the tricyclic antidepressants, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, are all effective treatments for anxiety and panic attacks. 

Evaluation of the economics of mental illness in primary care is an ongoing initiative of the UK Department of Health (Lloyd and Jenkins, 1995). A similar American study in Washington State included sub-threshold anxiety or depression, but these imposed relatively little economic load compared with disorder-level anxiety or depression (Simon et al, 1995). Mental health treatment accounted for only a small part of overall utilization, approximately 5%. Nevertheless, most patients with anxiety or depressive disorders showed considerable improvement. This was accompanied by only modest reductions in cost. 

Hudson, Christopher G., Socioeconomic Status and Mental Illness Tests of the Social Causation and Selection Hypotheses , American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 75, no. 1 (2005) 3-18 The Humble Humbug , The Lancet 2 (1954) 321 Hunter, Aimee M., Andrew F. Leuchter, Melinda L. Morgan and Ian A. Cook, Changes in Brain Function (Quantitative EEG Cordance) During Placebo Lead-in and Treatment Outcomes in Clinical Trials for Major Depression , American Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 8 (2006) 1426-32 Hyland, Michael E., Do Person Variables Exist in Different Ways , American Psychologist 40 (1985) 1003-10 Hypericum Depression Trial Study Group, Effect of Hypericum Perforatum (St John s Wort) in Major Depressive Disorder A Randomized Controlled Trial , Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002) 1807-14... 

Major depressive disorder is among the most common psychiatric syndromes affecting approximately one in four American women and one in ten American men during their lifetimes. Although the overall prevalence rates have stabilized, the average age of onset for the disorder has decidedly decreased. Numerous risk factors for depression have been identified and are listed in Table 3.3. 

Merikangas KR (1990) Comorbidity for anxiety and depression review of family and genetic studies. In Cloninger CR (ed) Cormorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 331-348... 

Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Schuster P, Oldehinkel AJ (1999a) When is onset Investigations into early developmental stages of anxiety and depressive disorders. In JL Rapaport (ed) Childhood onset of adult psychopathology, clinical and research advances. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 259-302... 

American Psychiatric Association. Practice guidelines for major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults. Am J Psychiat 2000 157(Suppl 4) 1 5. 

American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000) Practice for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder [revision] Am J Psychiatry 157 (Suppl) 1—45. 

Kessler, R. C., P. Berglund, O. Dernier, R. Jin, D. Koretz, K. R. Merikangas, A. J. Rush, E. E. Walters, and P. S. Wang. The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder Results From the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) Journal of the American Medical Association 289(23) (2003) 3095-3105. 

Metz A, Shader Rl Combination of fluoxetine with pemoline in the treatment of major depressive disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 6 93-96, 1991 Metz A, Evoniuk G, De Veaugh-Geiss J Multicentre trial of a S-HTj antagonist, ondansetron, in panic disorder [abstract). Paper presented at the 33rd annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1994, p 165... 

Post RM Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149 999-1010, 1992 Post RM Mechanisms underlying the evolution of affective disorders implications for long-term treatment, in Progress in Psychiatry Severe Depressive Disorders. Edited by Grunhaus L, Greden JE. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1994, pp 23-65... 

American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000... 

Our approach to both acute and maintenance therapy is consistent with the American Psychiatric Association guidelines for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults (292). 

Blier, P. (2005). Medication combination and augmentation strategies in the treatment of major depression. In D. J. Stein, D. J. Kupfer, Schatzberg, A. F. (Eds.), The American Textbook of Mood Disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc., Washington DC, 509-524. 

How common is depression What is its impact on our daily lives and on society The World Health Organization (WHO) forecasted not long ago that depression would be the main cause of disability in the world within the next several decades. It is estimated that in the United States the lifetime prevalence for major depressive disorder (MDD) is about 17% (Kessler et ah, 1994, 2003). The 12-month prevalence is about 6.5%. For dysthymia, the lifetime prevalence is about 6.4%. This means that about one in every five Americans will suffer, at some point in their lives, from a depressive condition that will temporarily render them fully or partially disabled and that will have a serious impact on the lives of their loved ones. About 20 million Americans suffer from clinical depression—not just feeling down —on any given day. 

The diagnostic criteria for the depressive episodes in bipolar disorder are similar to those for major depressive disorder. The diagnostic criteria for a manic episode (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) are ... 

Davidson, J. R., et al. (2002). Effect oi Hypericum perforatum in major depressive disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 1807-1814. 

Culturally determined health beliefs and practices can also profoundly influence psychiatric assessment and psychopharmacotherapy. Cultural influences on symptoms manifested by Asian patients may mislead clinicians who are unfamiliar with Asian culture and health beliefs (Lin et al. 1995). For example, Asians are likely to express their problems in behavioral or somatic terms rather than in emotional ones. Also, Asian patients often present with somatic rather than psychological complaints and seek help from primary care physicians. However, findings from a recent epidemiological study of depressive disorders suggest that Chinese Americans are not adverse to expressing problems in emotional idioms (Takeuchi et al. 1998). 

Treatment Guidelines for Schizophrenia, Major Depression, Bipolar Illness, Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder, American Pharmaceutical Association Publications Bethesda, Maryland, copyright 1998-2000. 

Major depressive disorder is a disorder of mood in which the individual experiences one or more major depressive episodes without a history of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes. A major depressive episode is defined by the criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), published by the American Psychiatric Association. Depression is associated with significant functional disability, morbidity, and mortality. 

When documenting major depressive disorder (described in Table 4.1), the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) establishes diagnostic codes. If a client is diagnosed with major depressive disorder (single episode or recurrent), the following coding scheme needs to outlined ... 

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