Early Developmental Stages

It has also been possible to determine the x-ray structures of classic zinc finger motifs from several proteins bound to specific DNA fragments. We will here describe one such structure containing three zinc fingers from a mouse protein, Zif 268, which is expressed at an early developmental stage of the mouse. Nikola Pavletich and Carl Pabo at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, determined the x-ray structure to 2.1 A resolution of a recombinant polypeptide derived from Zif 268 bound to a 10-base... 

Partial agonists are in early developmental stages. Agonist replacement is an attractive strategy, because of the successs of methadone and buprenorphine in opioid dependence. 

Bellas J, Vazquez E, Berras R. 2001. Toxicity of Hg, Cu, Cd, and Cr on early developmental stages of Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Ascidiacea) with potential apphcation in marine water quality assessment Water Res 35 2905-2912. 

Crustaceans are the most sensitive group of nontarget organisms tested. Adverse effects on growth, survival, reproduction, and behavior of copepods, shrimp, daphnids, amphipods, and crabs occur between 0.062 and 2.0 pg/L medium, and early developmental stages were the most vulnerable. 

Sensitivity to arsenic is greatest during the early developmental stages. 

Early developmental stages are the most sensitive, and humans appear to be one of the more susceptible species. 

The determination of sensitivity of early developmental stages of fishes to molybdenum insult. 

Figure 7 shows the effect of ectopic administration of T3 to the developing zebrafish embryo. At nontoxic concentration (50 nM), only a moderate fraction (less than 5%) of the zebrafish transcriptome shows significant changes. Ossification, visual processes, and the hematopoietic system were the physiological processes most affected by the treatment, in a pattern consistent with an advancement of the development in these particular functions (Fig. 7b). Genes involved in these three processes are known targets for TDCs during metamorphosis in amphibians, teleost fishes, and lampreys [54—60], and constitute molecular counterparts of different endpoints used to test for TDC in amphibians [56, 58]. Therefore, they are excellent candidates for markers of thyroid disruptors in zebrafish at early developmental stages. Chapter 14 provides a more in-deep description of the developmental effects of thyroid disruption in zebrafish embryos.

Zhu XS, Zhu L, Duan ZH, Qi RQ, Li Y, Lang YP (2008) Comparative toxicity of several metal oxide nanoparticle aqueous suspensions to zebrafish (Danio rerio) early developmental stage. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 43 278-284... 

Wittchen HU, Lieb R, Schuster P, Oldehinkel AJ (1999a) When is onset Investigations into early developmental stages of anxiety and depressive disorders. In JL Rapaport (ed) Childhood onset of adult psychopathology, clinical and research advances. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 259-302... 

Vladimirov, V.I. (1974). Dependence of the quality of carp embryos and larvae on female age, amino acid content of eggs and the introduction of amino acid additives to water at early developmental stages (In Russian). In Different Quality of Early Ontogenesis of Fish (V.I. Vladimirov, ed.), pp. 227-254, Naukova Dumka, Kiev. 

His E, Beiras R, Seaman MN, et al. 1996. Sublethal and lethal toxicity of aluminum industry effluents to early developmental stages of the crassostrea gigas oyster. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 30 335-339. 

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