Depression in Parkinson’s disease

Hantz P, Caradoc-Davies G, Caradoc-Davies T Depression in Parkinson s disease. Am J Psychiatry 151 1010-1014, 1994... 

An increased incidence of depression in Parkinson s disease, as well as in patients receiving dopamine-depleting or antagonistic agents... 

Sawabini, K.A., Watts, R.L. (2004) Treatment of depression in Parkinson s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 10, S37-41. 

Gotham AM, Brown RG, Marsden CD. Depression in Parkinson s disease a quantitative and qualitative analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986 49 381-389. 

Lemke MR. Effect of reboxetine on depression in Parkinson s disease patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 63 300-304. 

Remy, P., Doder, M., Lees, A., Tuijanski, N. Brooks, D. (2005). Depression in parkinson s disease Loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system. Brain, 128, 1314-1322. 

Zesiewicz TA, Gold M, Chari G, Hauser RA (1999) Current issues in depression in Parkinson s disease. Am J Geriat Psychiat 7 110-118... 

Barrero FJ, Ampuero I, Morales B et al (2005) Depression in Parkinson s disease is related to a genetic polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1). Pharmacogenomics J 5 135-141... 

Mayeux, R. (1990) The serotonin hypothesis for depression in Parkinson s disease. In M.B. Streifler, A.D. Korczyn, E. Melamed M.B.H. and Youdim (Eds.), Advances in Neurology Parkinson s Disease Anatomy, Pathology and Therapy, Vol. 53, Raven Press, New York, pp. 163-165. 

Jansen Steur ENH, Ballering LAP. Moclobemide and selegiline in the treatment of depression in Parkinson s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (1997) 63, 547. 

Antipsychotic medications are indicated in the treatment of acute and chronic psychotic disorders. These include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and manic states occurring as part of a bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder. The co-adminstration of antipsychotic medication with antidepressants has also been shown to increase the remission rate of severe depressive episodes that are accompanied by psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotic medications are frequently used in the management of agitation associated with delirium, dementia, and toxic effects of both prescribed medications (e.g. L-dopa used in Parkinson s disease) and illicit dtugs (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines, andPCP). They are also indicated in the management of tics that result from Gilles de la Tourette s syndrome, and widely used to control the motor and behavioural manifestations of Huntington s disease. 

Ciraulo DA, Jaffe JH Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression associated with alcoholism. Clin Psychopharmacol 1 146—150, 1981 Ciraulo DA, Nace E Benzodiazepine treatment of anxiety or insomnia in substance abuse patients. Am J Addict 9 276—284, 2000 Ciraulo DA, Barnhill JG, Jaffe JH, et al Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 2-hydroxy-imipramine in alcoholics and normal controls. J StudAlcohol 51 366-372, 1990 Ciraulo DA, Knapp CM, LoCastro J, et al A benzodiazepine mood effect scale reliability and validity determined for alcohol-dependent subjects and adults with a parental history of alcoholism. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 27 339—347, 2001 Collins MA Tetrahydropapaveroline in Parkinson s disease and alcoholism a look back in honor of Merton Sandler. Neurotoxicology 25 117-120, 2004 COMBINE Study Research Group Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions in alcohol dependence rationale and methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27 1107-1122, 2003a... 

Figure 15.2(b) A schematic presentation of possible basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson s disease. In PD there is little or no inhibitory nigrostriatal input to the striatum so the Ind Path is active and GPext is inhibited. This will then have less depressant effect on the SThN which will be free to drive the GPint (and SNr) and so reduce cortico-thalamic traffic and produce akinesia. See text for detail. Pathway activity — low — normal — high... 

The dopamine transporter has been a target for developing pharmacotherapies for a number of CNS disorders including ADHD, stimulant abuse, depression and Parkinson s disease. Several excellent reviews in this area have been recently published [28-30]. The dopamine reuptake inhibitor methylphenidate has been successfully used for decades in the management of ADHD in children and adolescents. It remains a first-line treatment along with amphetamine for this disorder [31,32]. 

Much attention has been paid to the catecholamines noradrenaline and dopamine following the discovery that their depletion in the brain leads to profound mood changes and locomotor deficits. Thus noradrenaline has been implicated in the mood changes associated with mania and depression, while an excess of dopamine has been implicated in schizophrenia and a deficit in Parkinson s disease. 

B.M.H. Youdim, Y.S. Bakhle, Monoamine oxidase isoforms and inhibitors in Parkinson s disease and depressive illness, Br. J. Pharmacol. 147 (2006) 5287-5296. 

Brown RG, Marsden CD Cognitive function in Parkinson s disease from description to theory. Trends Neurosci 13 21-29, 1990 Brown RG, Marsden CD Dual task performance and processing resources in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson s disease. Brain 114 215-231, 1991 Brown RP, Frances A, Kocsis JH, et al Psychotic vs. nonpsychotic depression comparison of treatment response. J Nerv Ment Dis 170 635-637, 1982 Brown SA, Irwin M, Schuckit MA Changes in anxiety among abstinent male alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol 52 55-61, 1991... 

Chan-Palay V, Asan E Alterations in catecholamine neurons of the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in Parkinson s disease with and without dementia and depression. J Comp Neurol 287 373-392, 1989... 

Tariot PN, Cohen RM, Welkowitz JA, et al Multiple-dose arecohne infusions in Alzheimer s disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45 901-905, 1988 Taylor AE, Saint-Cyr JA, Lang AE Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson s disease the cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain 109 845-883, 1986 Taylor DP, Smith DW, Hyslop DK, et al Receptor binding and atypical antidepressant drug discovery, in Receptor Binding in Drug Research. Edited by O Brien RA. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1986, pp 151-165 Tejedor-Real P, Mico JA, Maldonado R, et al Effect of mixed (RB 38A) and selective (RB 38B) inhibitors of enkephalin degrading enzymes on a model of depression in the rat. Biol Psychiatry 34 100-107, 1993... 

Wolfe N, Katz DI, Albert ML, et al Neuropsychological profile hnked to low dopamine in Alzheimer s disease, major depression, and Parkinson s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 915-917, 1990... 

Phenothiazine-type antipsychotics will potentiate the CNS depressant action of many drugs including opiates and will potentiate the effects of general anaesthetic agents. All antipsychotics will antagonise the effect of L-dopa in Parkinson s disease, making management of this difficult where it co-occurs with psychosis. 

Brown RG, MacCarthy B, Gotham AM, Der GJ, Marsden CD. Depression and disability in Parkinson s disease a follow-up of 132 cases. Psychol Medi 1988 18 49-55. 

Menza MA, Rosen RC. Sleep in Parkinson s disease the role of depression and anxiety. Psychosomatics 1995 36 262-266. 

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