Depression defined

Activators enhance the adsorption of collectors, eg, Ca " in the fatty acid flotation of siUcates at high pH or Cu " in the flotation of sphalerite, ZnS, by sulfohydryl collectors. Depressants, on the other hand, have the opposite effect they hinder the flotation of certain minerals, thus improving selectivity. For example, high pH as well as high sulfide ion concentrations can hinder the flotation of sulfide minerals such as galena (PbS) in the presence of xanthates (ROCSS ). Hence, for a given fixed collector concentration there is a fixed critical pH that defines the transition between flotation and no flotation. This is the basis of the Barsky relationship which can be expressed as [X ]j[OH ] = constant, where [A ] is the xanthate ion concentration in the pulp and [Oi/ ] is the hydroxyl ion concentration indicated by the pH. Similar relationships can be written for sulfide ion, cyanide, or thiocyanate, which act as typical depressants in sulfide flotation systems. 

The toxicity of antifreeze and deicing fluids is predorninantly a function of the main component, the freezing point depressant. Eor ethylene glycol-based fluids, the toxicity is well-defined, as the toxicity of ethylene glycol has been studied extensively because of its wide usage in varied appHcations (16). 

Corrosion morphologies. Sulfate-reducing bacteria frequently cause intense localized attack (Figs. 6.2 through 6.7). Discrete hemispherical depressions form on most alloys, including stainless steels, aluminum. Carpenter 20, and carbon steels. Few cases occur on titanium. Copper alloy attack is not well defined. 

This is defined as the percentage ratio of the water vapour pressure in the atmosphere compared to that which would saturate the atmosphere at the same temperature. Alternatively, the difference in temperature between the ambient atmosphere and that to which it would have to be cooled before moisture condensed from it, is also used as a measure of moisture content. This difference in temperature is called the dew point depression. The actual temperature at which condensation takes place is known as the dew point. The relative humidity is then expressed as ... 

In cases where the plot of [A ]/Kd vs ICS0 is not linear, other mechanisms of antagonism may be operative. If there is a nearly vertical relationship, this be due to noncompetitive antagonism in a system with no receptor reserve (see Figure 12.2d). Alternatively, if the plot is linear at low values of [A ]/Kd and then approaches an asymptotic value the antagonism may be allosteric (the value of a defines the value of the asymptote) or noncompetitive in a system with receptor reserve (competitive shift until the maximal response is depressed, Figure 12.2d). 

Define depression and identify symptoms of a major depressive episode. 

The present review shows how the microhardness technique can be used to elucidate the dependence of a variety of local deformational processes upon polymer texture and morphology. Microhardness is a rather elusive quantity, that is really a combination of other mechanical properties. It is most suitably defined in terms of the pyramid indentation test. Hardness is primarily taken as a measure of the irreversible deformation mechanisms which characterize a polymeric material, though it also involves elastic and time dependent effects which depend on microstructural details. In isotropic lamellar polymers a hardness depression from ideal values, due to the finite crystal thickness, occurs. The interlamellar non-crystalline layer introduces an additional weak component which contributes further to a lowering of the hardness value. Annealing effects and chemical etching are shown to produce, on the contrary, a significant hardening of the material. The prevalent mechanisms for plastic deformation are proposed. Anisotropy behaviour for several oriented materials is critically discussed. 

The nature of the heat of fusion AHu deserves particular attention, for it represents the heat required to melt one mole of crystalline units it does not refer to the latent heat AJT required to melt such crystallinity as may occur in a given semicrystalline polymer. The depression of the melting point Tm, already defined as the maximum temperature at which crystalline regions may coexist with amorphous poly-... 

Bipolar disorder can be conceptualized as a continuum or spectrum of mood disorders and is not comprised solely of bipolar I disorder.9 They include four subtypes bipolar I (periods of major depressive, manic, and/or mixed episodes) bipolar II (periods of major depression and hypomania) cyclothymic disorder (periods of hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes that do not meet all criteria for diagnosis of a major depressive episode) and bipolar disorder, NOS. The defining feature of bipolar disorders is one or more manic or hypomanic episodes in addition to depressive episodes that are not caused by any medical condition, substance abuse, or other psychiatric disorder.1... 

Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as the complaint of involuntary leakage of urine.1 It is often associated with other bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms such as urgency, increased daytime frequency, and nocturia. Despite its prevalence across the lifespan and in both sexes, it remains an underdetected and underreported health problem that can have significant negative consequences for the individual s quality of life. Patients with UI may be depressed due to a... 

If you look in the medical literature, you will often see the term placebo defined as a non-specific treatment. What does it mean to say that a treatment is not specific It could mean that the treatment is effective for many different disorders, rather than for only one particular condition. In this sense, placebos are indeed non-specific. Besides depression, placebos have been shown to affect anxiety, pain, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, Parkinson s disease, angina, autoimmune diseases, Alzheimer s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, gastric function, sexual dysfunction and skin conditions. We know this from the thousands of studies in which placebos have been used as control conditions, against which the effects of medication have been evaluated, and from studies that were specifically designed to assess the placebo effect. 

Abnormal depressed mood (or irritable mood if a child or adolescent) [as defined in criterion A]. 

In phase I clinical trials 47 patients, all of whom had previously failed standard treatments for solid tumors, received the drug in the UK, Italy, and Switzerland on three different schedules.123,124 Dose-limiting toxicities have been defined as bone marrow depression and diarrhea. The latter is treatable with loperamide. Signs of biological activity were seen. Notably one patient with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed a partial response (for 4 months) and two further patients, one with metastatic melanoma and one with bronchoalveolar carcinoma, also showed partial responses. In a phase I trial in combination with 5-FU, a partial response in breast cancer was observed.125 Furthermore, a reduction in tumor marker levels was observed in two patients, one with ovarian cancer, and one with colon cancer. Phase II studies have shown partial responses in cisplatin-resistant ovarian and nonsmall-cell lung cancer.126,127 The indications are that the profile of clinical activity is different and complementary to the mononuclear platinum agents. 

Planktonic chlorophyll increased from the upper reaches of the main section to the meandering zone of the Ebro Depression, and sharply decreased after the large reservoirs located in the lower reaches. On the basis of the chlorophyll concentration, the river Ebro can be defined as eutrophic [15]. Plankton chlorophyll levels ranged between 10 and 17 pg/L from the headwaters to the city of Zaragoza, and then increased up to 60 pg/L in the meander plain (Fig. 2a). Suspended chlorophyll in the Ebro ranged between 10 and 30 pg/L in most of the sites... 

BZ dependence is defined by the appearance of a predictable withdrawal syndrome (i.e., anxiety, insomnia, agitation, muscle tension, irritability, nausea, malaise, diaphoresis, nightmares, depression, hyperreflexia, tinnitus, delusions, hallucinations, and seizures) upon abrupt discontinuation. 

Major depression is characterized by one or more episodes of major depression, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision (Table 70-1). Symptoms must have been present nearly every day for at least 2 weeks. Patients with major depressive disorder may have one or more recurrent episodes of major depression during their lifetime. 

Edema is usually first detected in the feet or pretibial area in ambulatory patients and in the presacral area in bed-bound individuals. Edema is defined as pitting when the depression caused by briefly exerting pressure over a bony prominence does not rapidly refill. 

We now consider in somewhat more detail a simplified approach based on the curve of growth . For this, we ignore fine details of the observed line profile and use the equivalent width (EW) defined in Fig. 3.4, WA = f RdX or Wv = f Rdv, where R(AX) or R(Av) is the relative depression below the continuum at some part of the line. The curve of growth is a relationship between the equivalent width of a line and some measure of the effective number of absorbing atoms. Equivalent... 

To make the discussion of LCA more concrete, consider an example. Assume we are investigating depression and conjecture three classes indi-viduals with major depression, individuals with dysthymia, and individuals with no depression. After the number of classes has been posited, we can define a mathematical model that links parameters of the latent classes (e.g., base rates) to proportions of cases in each cell of the cross-tabulation. LCA imposes this model on the data set and estimates parameters of the latent classes. This estimation is an iterative process. In the beginning, the investigator provides initial values for each parameter, to get the computation started somewhere. Initial values can be based on a completely unsubstantiated guess. Inaccurate guesses should not prevent LCA from eventually recovering the correct values. An accurate guess, however, would shorten the computation time. 

---