Depression corticotropin-releasing hormone

Wong ML, Kling MA, Munson PJ, Listwak S, Licinio J, Prolo P et al. Pronounced and sustained central hypernor-adrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features relation to hy-percortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000 97 325-330. 

Zobel AW, Nickel T, Kunzel HE, Ackl N, Sonntag A, Ising M et al. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression the first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 2000 34 171-181. 

Holsboer F (1999) The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 33 181-214... 

Holsboer F (2003) Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulators and depression. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4 46-50... 

Kiinzel HE, Zobel AW, Nickel T, Ackl N, Uhr M, Sonntag A, et al (2003) Treatment of depression with the corticotropin-releasing hormone-1-receptor antagonist R121919 endocrine changes and side effects. J Psychiatr Res 37 525-533... 

Ressler KJ, Nemeroff CB (2000) Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 12 2-19 Reul JMHM, Holsboer F (2002) Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors 1 and 2 in anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2 23-33 Rex A, Marsden CA, Fink H (1993) 5-HTlA receptors and changes in extracellular 5-HT in the guinea-pigprefrontal cortex—involvementin aversive behaviour. J Psychopharmacol 7 338-345... 

Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Perel, J., Dahl, R.E., Moreci, P., Nelson, B., et al. (1997) The corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, an normal control children. Biol Psychiatry 42 669-679. 

Raadsheer, F.C., Hoogendijk, W.J., Stam, F.C., Tilders, F.J., and Swaab, D.R (1994) Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60 436 44. 

Raadsheer, F.C., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Lucassen, P.J., Tilders, EJ., and Swaab DF (1995) Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patints with Alzheimer s disease and depression. Am Psychiatry 152 1372-1376. 

De Beilis, M.D., Gold, P.W., Geracioti, T.D., Jr., Listwak, S.J., and Kling, M.A. (1993) Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression. Am Psychiatry 150 656-657. 

Holsboer f, Gerken A, von Bardeleben U, et al Human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression. Biol Psychiatry 21 609-611, 1986 Holsboer F, von Bardeleben U, Wiedemann K, et al Serial assessment of corticotropin-releasing hormone response after dexamethasone in depression— implications for pathophysiology of DST nonsuppression. Biol Psychiatry 22 228-234, 1987... 

Anorectic patients often suffer from complications such as hypotension, hypothermia, and abnormal ECGs, all of which are consistent with starvation. In women, amenorrhea is common with this syndrome. Like patients with depression, they also have high cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone. 

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in bipolar disorder has been reviewed, but lithium was mentioned only in passing (617). Two studies (n = 25, n = 24), possibly reporting many of the same patients, showed that lithium augmentation of antidepressant-resistant unipolar depression increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, measured by the dexamethasone suppression test, either alone or combined with the corticotropin releasing hormone test (618,619). However, the tests did not distinguish between lithium responders and nonresponders. 

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