Depolarization alcohols

Rapid-acting neurotoxin that causes irreversible depolarization of neural and muscular tissue by an unknown mechanism. It has a very potent effect on coronary arteries and death may result from constriction of the blood vessels of the heart. It is a solid obtained from bacterium associated with soft corals (Palythoa caribaerum and Palythoa toxica). It is soluble in water and alcohol, and stable to heat. 

In this case the alcohol is at the same time a solvent and a depolarizer. 

It is of esjx cial importance to know the potential interval within which one or several distinct reactions take place. The determination of this depends upon the change in potential which the presence of a depolarizer produces as opposed to an electrolyte containing no depolarizer. For example, if it is desired to learn if chlorine derivatives of phenol can be prepared at the anode by electrolysis of a hydrochloric-acid solution of phenol, then the point of decomposition of the chlorine ion, in combination with the hydrogen electrode, is found at LSI volts in a l/i n-hydrochloric-acid solution. If phenol is added to this solution, the break in the curve occurs already at 0.1) volt.2 Therefore the span in potential, within which the reaction for the formation of chlorine derivatives of phenol must take place, lies between 0.9 and 1.3 volts. In thin manner Dony-H6nault, among others, determined the decomposition potential of the OH ions, in combination with the hydrogen electrode, in dilute sulphuric-acid solution both without and with the addition of ethyl alcohol. He found... 

Dony-H iault,3 by measuring the depolarizing action of the alcohol in 3 n-sulphuric acid, found no indications of the... 

The reaction is the same as that involved in the usual chemical preparation of iodoform, whereby a colorless solution of hypoiodite (obtained by dissolving iodine in a sufficient quantity of potassium-hydroxide solution) is made to react with alcohol. The decomposition potential of potassium iodide, investigated by Dony-Henault,2 show s that the iodine as such does not act on the alcohol, but only after its conversion into hypoiodite. The iodine ions are set free at the same anode potential no matter if alcohol is added or not. The alcohol does not act as a depolarizer towards the iodine ion the electrical iodoform synthesis is a typical secondary process. 

Aldehydes and ketones (like the alcohols) are non-electrolytes, and act merely as depolarizers. The acids, however, which are formed by the reaction, often play a decisive part in the current conductivity, so that more thorough experiments are required in many cases to fully learn the conditions electrically dominating. 

The theory of rotation effects on prolate luminescent molecules in solution and its experimental verification have been developed and compared. Generalized diffusion equations for the rotational motion of an asymmetric rigid motor have been used to given an expression for steady-state fluorescence depolarization. " The radiationless transition from the first excited singlet state of Eosin has been measured by optoacoustic relaxation, and the absolute fluorescence quantum yields of organic dyes in poly(vinyl alcohol) have also been measured by the photoacoustic method. The accuracy of the method has been discussed in the latter paper. Actinometry in flash photolysis experiments has been assisted by new measurements on the extinction coefficient of triplet benzophenone. Matrix-isolation fluorescence spectrometry has been used to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from gas chromatography. ... 

Palytoxin CAS 11077-03-5 respiratory distress, diarrhea, convulsions, shock, low body temperature, and death. causes irreversible depolarization of nerve and muscle tissue. It has a very potent effect on the coronary artery and may also cause delayed effects including disintegration of red blood cells. corals. Palytoxin is soluble in water and alcohol. It is stable to heat, and both low and high pH. 

Fig. 8. Picosecond rotational relaxation times in alcohols from fluorescence depolarization studies of ( ) rhodamine 6G, (A) eosin- , (A) fluorescein in n-alcohols ( ) rhodamine 6G data. ...

This point is further exemplified in Fig. 8 where the relaxation times of several xanthene dye molecules rotation in -alcohols are plotted in the same hydrodynamic formalism. These data are from transient-induced dichorism and time-resolved fluorescence depolarization experiments. In the latter case, the anisotropy factor r(f), which describes the intensities of fluorescence /(/) parallel ( ) and perpendicular (J.) to the polarized exciting pulse, is related to the second Legendre polynomial, P, ... 

Scattering Phenomena.—A review has appeared of the scattering of depolarized light by simple fluids.437 Pre-resonance Raman spectra of NH3, CH8NH2, form-amide, cw-dichloroethylene, propargyl alcohol, and pyrazine 438 resonance Raman scatter of I2 in solution and in inert matrices 439 time-resolved resonance fluorescence and resonance Raman 440 and stimulated resonance Raman scattering 441 pseudo-Raman spectra in stacked benzene molecules 442 and birefringence in CS2 443 have been the subjects of recent reports. 

OTHER COMMENTS used as a catalyst in the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and alcohol to acetaldehyde used in the manufacture of yellow glass also used as an inhibitor to ultraviolet light transmission in glass and as a depolarizer useful as a developer in photography. 

Putzeys and Brosteaux (1941) in connection with their molecular weight studies which are discussed further below reported depolarization values for several proteins. The extrapolated values at zero concentration of the protein were generally very low 0.0095 for amandin, 0.0065 for Homarus, Sepia and Helix hemocyanins, and approximately 0.02 for serum albumins of three different species, prepared by an ammonium sulfate fractionation. An almost identical value has recently been obtained by us (Edsall, Edelhoch, Lontie and Morrison, 1950) for bovine serum albumin prepared by alcohol fractionation. 

At the Zinc Lead 9S Symposium, Koike et al. (1) reported that the anode potential decreases when Ca was added to the conventional Pb-Ag alloy electrode material and also when alcohol was added as a depolarizing substance in the electrolyte. 

The effect of added alcohols upon the microviscosity of micelles was studied by Turro et al. [76]. The low-molecular alcohols reduce the microviscosity of CTAB micelles. The high-molecular alcohols do not influence the microviscosity. Schinitzky et al. observed a phase transition of a bilayer membrane by the fluorescence depolarization technique [75]. 

In section 6.2, the depolarized light scattering results for -the two alcohols will be exposed and the mechanism of the observed structural relaxation will be discussed on the basis of both classes of data. 

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