Deodorization distillate

In addition, a patent has appeared which describes the concentration and purification of natural vitamin from deodorizer distillates (42). The... 

C Marks. Determination of free tocopherols in deodorizer distillate by capillary gas chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 65 1936-1939, 1988. 

Index Entries Molecular distillation vitamin E deodorizer distillate of soya oil DISMOL property estimation. 

Taking all of these concerns into consideration, in the present work, we propose a molecular distillation process for tocopherol (vitamin E) recovery using as a raw material the crude deodorizer distillate of soya oil (DDSO). The determination of several physical-chemical properties must be made through correlations and/or predictions, in order to have a better characterization of the system that will be studied. Then, the DISMOL simulator can be used to evaluate tocopherol recovery from crude DDSO, in order to determine the feasibility of the process and the best experimental conditions for the falling film molecular distillation. The simulator used was a DISMOL, which was developed by Batistella (12). Tocopherols need to present a low acidity level (< 2%) and purity according to their application (from 30 to 90%). The price varies according to this concentration. Squalene is tolerable in tocopherol concentration, but fatty acids must be eliminated during the process. 

Nagao, T., Kobayashi, T., Hirota, Y., Kitano, M., Kishimoto, N., Fujita, T., Watanabe, Y., and Shimada, Y. 2005. Improvement of a process for purification of tocopherols and sterols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym., 37, 56-62. 

Shimada, Y., Nakai, S., Suenaga, M., Sugihara, A., Kitano, M., and Tominaga, Y. 2000. Facile purification of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate in high yield using lipase. /. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 77,1009-1013. 

Wang, L., Du, W., Liu, D., Li, L., and Dai, N. 2005. Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate with absorbent present in fert-butanol system. J. Mol Catal. B Enzym., 43, 29-32. 

In the following study the conversion of non-refined palm oil, waste cooking oil, animal fats, deodorizer distillate, and soap stocks into biodiesel will be reported. Finally, the direct use of animal fat for the production of electricity will be discussed. 

The liquid used to scrub the vapors is previously condensed deodorizer distillate that is chilled, recycled, and drawn off as necessary to maintain a constant level in the scrubber. The condensate may entrap vapors of pesticides if they get this far in the refinery. Deodorizer distillate is rich in tocotrienols or tocopherols, some of which have vitamin E... 

Deodorization Remove volatiles and off-flavors Deodorizer distillate—a source of phytosterols and tocopherols... 

Inventory Update Rule (lUR) (40 CFR 710). The lUR was established in 1986 to require manufacturers and importers of chemicals listed on the master TCSA Inventory to report current data every four years on the production volume of chemicals imported or produced. Food and feed products produced from natural agricultural product, such as oilseeds, are not required to be reported but all oU and meal products obtained by solvent extraction that is sold for other than food or feed use (e.g., oils as chemical raw materials and meal as fertilizer) are. Cottonseed oil, soap stocks, acidulated soap stocks, deodorized distillates, hydrogenated cottonseed oil are some of the substances reported by extraction and refining operations under lUR. EPA amended this rule in 2003 (1/9/03 68 FR 848). Cottonseed oil is on the list of partially exempt substances, which are not subject to the new reporting requirements for processing and use data but continue to have to report the current lUR information as well as manufacturing exposure-related information. 

The deodorizer distillate, about 1% of deodorizer feed, contains tocopherols, tocotrienols, and sterols (Table 10). The tocols are shown in Table 11 and the sterols in Table 12. Its value is similar to other oil distillates. 

TABLE 12. Sterol Composition of Rice Oil Deodorizer Distillate (20). 

Refined oil usually retains little phospholipid, but damaged beans can have a significant content of phosphatidic acid, and the amount of iron in the oil is related to the amount of phosphorus (24). During deodorization, considerable amounts of sterol and tocopherol may be removed from the oil. The proportion removed depends on deodorization conditions, but a 30% to 40% decrease is not unusual (25). Much of the hydrocarbons and squalene are lost to the deodorizer distillate as well. Free fatty acids in fully refined oil are required to be <0.05% and unsaponifiable matter < 1.5% (26). 

Deodorizer distillate is the material collected from the steam distillation of oils. It is a mixture of free fatty acids (especially during physical refining) tocopherols, phytosterols and their esters, hydrocarbons, and hpid oxidation products. The quality and composition of deodorizer distillate depends on the feedstock oil composition and processing conditions. Tocopherols and sterols are the most valuable components that can be recovered from the distillate, and they are used in the nutrition supplement and pharmaceutical industries (201). Typical soybean deodorizer distillate contains about 33% unsaponifiable matters, of which 11% is tocopherol and 18% sterol (202). 

The preparation of high-purity tocopherols and phytosterols involves steps such as molecular distillation, adduct formation, liquid-liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, saponification, and chromatography (175). The extraction of tocopherols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by urea inclusion and saponification of free fatty acids resulted in good recovery of tocopherols (208). To improve the separation of sterols and tocopherols, Shimada et al. (209) used a lipase to esterify sterols with free fatty acids. Then the steryl esters and tocopherols were separated better by molecular distillation. Chang et al. (210) used supercritical fluid CO2 extraction to recover tocopherols and sterols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate. A patent by Sumner et al. (211) advocated treatment of the distillate with methanol to converted free fatty acids and other fatty acid esters to methyl esters that can then be removed by a stripping operation. Then separation of sterols and tocopherols could be carried out by molecular distillation. 

Figure 40. Typical tocopherol levels in deodorizer distillate obtained from crude oils [based on (148)].

A low percentage of tocopherols is lost during operations of oil neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization of sunflower oil. The tocopherols lost during deodor-ization may be recovered together other volatile compounds, from the deodorizer distillate. The distillate obtained from sunflower oil is also a good source of phytosterols. Figure 40 shows typical tocopherol levels in deodorizer distillate obtained from crude oils [based on Walsh et al. (148)]. 

Tocopherols and (phyto) Sterols from Deodorizer Distillate... 

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