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Density military explosives

Tables 2.1 and 2.2 show that theory enables detonation velocities to be calculated in close agreement with those observed experimentally. This, unfortunately, is not a critical test of the theory as velocities when calculated are rather insensitive to the nature of the equation of state used. A better test would be to calculate the peak pressures, densities and temperatures encountered in detonation, and compare these with experimental results. The major difficulties here are experimental. Attempts to measure temperatures in the detonation zone have not been very successful, but better results have been obtained in the measurement of densities and pressures. Schall introduced density measurement by very short X-ray flash radiography and showed that TNT at an initial density of 1 -50 increased 22% in density in the detonation wave. More recently detonation pressures have been measured by Duff and Houston using a method (introduced by Goranson) in which the pressure is deduced from the velocity imparted to a metal plate placed at the end of the column of explosive. Using this method, for example, Deal obtains the detonation pressures for some military explosives recorded in Table 2.3. More... Tables 2.1 and 2.2 show that theory enables detonation velocities to be calculated in close agreement with those observed experimentally. This, unfortunately, is not a critical test of the theory as velocities when calculated are rather insensitive to the nature of the equation of state used. A better test would be to calculate the peak pressures, densities and temperatures encountered in detonation, and compare these with experimental results. The major difficulties here are experimental. Attempts to measure temperatures in the detonation zone have not been very successful, but better results have been obtained in the measurement of densities and pressures. Schall introduced density measurement by very short X-ray flash radiography and showed that TNT at an initial density of 1 -50 increased 22% in density in the detonation wave. More recently detonation pressures have been measured by Duff and Houston using a method (introduced by Goranson) in which the pressure is deduced from the velocity imparted to a metal plate placed at the end of the column of explosive. Using this method, for example, Deal obtains the detonation pressures for some military explosives recorded in Table 2.3. More...
A density functional procedure has been used to compute the gas-phase heat of formation of the triazolooxadiazole 17, and the calculated value of Ai/f° at 202 kcal moP (903 cal is more than 4 times greater than that of a leading military explosive, l,3,5-trinitrohexahydro-l,3,5-triazine (RDX), 18 (206cal g ), which supports the hypothesis that a high energy content is associated with nitrogen catenation <1995JST(358)63>. [Pg.199]

Spark photography with shadowgraph, schlieren and interferometer techniques (such as described in. Vol 2 of Encycl, under CAMERAS) showed that density is uniform in zones I-TP-M and I-TP-R, but not in the zone R-TP-M, which includes the Mach region. The Mach shock M appears to be followed by rarefaction. Above the slipstream there is an angular variation of density so that, if measured at points farther and farther behind R, the density first rises to a maximum and then falls again For more detailed description of Mach waves etc, see Refs 2a, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 Refs 1) Anon, "Military Explosives , TM9-1910 (1955), PP 74-5 2) Dunkle s... [Pg.435]

For many military explosives the critical density is roughly 8% above the ".voidless density, and can be reached by dynamic compressing of the explosive with... [Pg.508]

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS Ammonium Nitrate special purified product for industrial chemical use, available in solution, prill, and grained form. Also high-density grained material for formulation of military explosive compositions Composition D-2 Wax a densensitizing compound containing wax, nitrocellulose, and a wetting agent used in military explosive formulations... [Pg.71]

The requirements of a military explosive are very stringent and very few explosives meet all the characteristics necessary to make them acceptable for military applications. In order to determine suitability of an explosive for military applications, explosives are first investigated for properties described in the previous section followed by their study from the point of view of volatility, toxicity, hygro-scopicity and density which are considered of paramount importance because of field conditions and optimal performance requirement. [Pg.35]

Octanitrocubane (ONC) is a white solid, somewhat soluble in hexane and readily soluble in polar organic solvents. The density of one of the ONC polymorphs is very high (1.979gcm"3) but is still lower than the calculated value (the latest and most sophisticated calculation predicts a density above 2.1 gem"3 for the most stable polymorph of ONC) which indicates the existence of a crystal form of ONC much more dense than that synthesized. Kamlet-Jacobs equations predicted that ONC is 15-30% better than HMX [109] (a most powerful currently employed military explosive) and 6% better (perhaps also less shock sensitive) than the recently discovered explosive HNIW [121, 253-258] or CL-20 as shown in Table 2.15. It is interesting to note that both HpNC and ONC have decomposition points well above 200 °C and are not detonated by hammer blows. [Pg.138]

The preparation of infusible (loose powder) ammonium nitrate mixtures is usually carried out in the same way as the manufacture of composite mining explosives. Since the military explosives are not very sensitive to mechanical stimulants, and it is important to obtain a high density, mixing is usually performed by edge runner mills. [Pg.266]

Most military explosives are solid compounds which are manufactured in granular form, with bulk densities of less than 1 g cm-3. These granular compounds are then mixed with other explosive or inert additives to give explosive compositions with densities between 1.5 and 1.7 g cm 3. The explosive compositions are then cast, pressed or extruded into their final form. [Pg.143]

TNAD is a powerful explosive with excellent properties and stability. Its use in military explosives is moderate, but will show remarkable use in the future—as it grows in popularity. It has essentially the same density as RDX, and only a slightly lower calculated detonation velocity. TNAD has a melting point of 232-234 Celsius, and is used in propellant compositions, and... [Pg.131]

TNT is one of the important materials used for not only explosives for industry but also military explosives for blasting charges. Since metals are not corroded by TNT, it is cast directly into metal cases as well as pressed into warhead shells. In order to gain high explosive characteristics, TNT is mixed with other materials, such as AN, Tetryl, PETN, A1 powder, and nitramine partides121. The mixture of TNT and AN is named Amatol has a TNT/AN mass fraction ratio ranging from 0.5/0.5 to 0.2/0.8. The mixture of TNT and AN is melted and then cast. The mixture of TNT and A1 named Tritonal has a mass fraction ratio of TNT/A1 = 0.8/0.2. The mixture of TNT and HMX is named Octol composed of the mass fraction ratio of TNT/H MX ranging from 0.3/0.7 to 0.25/0.75. The maximum detonation velocity, 8600 m/s, is obtained when the density is 1800 kg/m3. [Pg.202]

HMX, the highest density and highest energy soHd explosive produced on a large scale, primarily for military use, exists in four polymorphic forms. The beta form is the least sensitive, most stable, and the type requited for military use. The mole fraction products of detonation of HMX in a calorimetric bomb are 3.68 N2, 3.18 H2, 1.92 CO2, 1.06 CO, 0.97 C, 0.395 NH3, and 0.30 H2. [Pg.15]

Tetrazene is a light yellow crystalline substance, insoluble in water and most organic solvents. The density is low under normal conditions, but on pressing can reach approximately 1 g ml-1. Tetrazene is weak as an initiating explosive, and is therefore not used alone. It has no advantages to commend it for use in commercial detonators, but does find application in the manufacture of military and other percussion caps. Like diazodinitrophenol, tetrazene does not detonate when ignited in the open, but only when ignited under confinement. [Pg.98]

TATP is unique in that it is a material that never received any serious consideration for military or commercial applications. It was studied by numerous groups, but primarily for academic reasons. Minimal literature references exist on it. TATP was first reported by Wolfenstein in 1895 [6], Since that time, numerous recipes have been developed for its preparation. One of the most useful studies of its properties as an explosive was conducted by Rohrlich and Sauermilch [7], They determined that TATP had a TNT equivalency of approximately 88% based on lead block expansion. They prepared a firing train consisting of 0.05 g TATP (pressed at 250 kg/cm2) in contact with pentaerythrital tetranitrate (PETN) to produce reliable blasting caps. Other experiments determined that a 0.16-g portion of the peroxide (density = 1.35 g/cm3) could initiate TNT. [Pg.49]

Explosive Composition PBXN-5. It consists of HMX 95 Viton (vinylidene fluoride hexa-fluoropropylene copolymer) 5%, and has a rate of deton of 8760m/sec at density 1.82g/cc. Its military requirements are given in Specification MIL-E-81111A, Explosive, Plastic-Bonded Molding Powder (Feb 1973)... [Pg.275]


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