Density influences

Besides the material based characteristics, the difference of density of the used particle/substrate combination is a very important criterion. The difference of density influences the contrast of the radiographic tests. Tungsten carbides were used as mechanically resistant particles and titanium based alloys as substrate. The substrate material is marked by an advantageous relation of strength to density. This material is often used in aeronautics, astronautics, and for modification of boundary layers. The density of tungsten carbide (15.7 g/cm ) is about 3.5 times higher than the density of titanium (4.45-4.6 g/cm ). 

Deactivating catalyst 319 Dead zones 159, 162, 163 Degree of segregation 471 Density influences 492 Desorption of solute 578, 579 Difference differential equation 579 Difference formulae for partial differential equations 268 Differential column 167... 

Figure 2.1 Example how melt index and density influence PE performances properties increase in the direction of arrows...

Trivalent gadolinium with f7 configuration has isotropic distribution of electrons and hence cannot produce pseudo contact shift. However, when the Lewis acid-base interaction is partly covalent, the unpaired electron spin density influences the molecular framework of the base and causes an LIS known as contact shift. Gd(III) is used to ascertain the contributions of contact shift to the measured LIS. 

Apart from the surface composition the bulk properties of a particle material will affect composite deposition. Particle mass transfer and the particle-electrode interaction depend on the particle density, because of gravity acting on the particles. Since the particle density can not be varied without changing the particle material, experimental investigations on the effect of particle density have not been performed. However, it has been found that the orientation of the plated surface to the direction of gravity combined with the difference in particle and electrolyte density influences the composite composition. In practice it can be difficult to deposit composites of homogeneous composition on products where differently oriented surfaces have to be plated. 

The density and the porosity of wood seem also to play a role in the pyrolysis process. But the effects observed are rather qualitative than quantitative. Wood with a high density and a low porosity tends to produce more charcoal [23, 29, 33]. The density influences also the productivity of pyrolysis reactors through the bulk volume the same volume of a reactor will produce more charcoal if a high density wood is pyrolysed compared to a light wood. 

One of the most important applications is the gas and liquid chromatography. In this application, not only the chemical nature of their surface but also the particle size distribution, pore size distribution and the packing density, influence the separation efficiency such as resolution and retention time significantly. 

In the general case, the thermal motion in liquids represents a combination of shifts of molecules with respect to their nearest surrounding and the collective drift in the field of thermal hydrodynamic fluctuations It is clear that an increase of the pressure is accompanied by the growth of the liquid density and, as a result, by essential increase of the relative role of the collective contriljution to the self-diffusion coefficient. Indeed, due to the geometric restrictions, the relative motion of molecules is reduced to oscillations in the cell formed by the nearest neighbors. At the same time, an increase in the density influences the vortical modes of the thermal motion of molecules to a much smaller extent (Fig. 1). Since the collective transport in liquid is related just to vortical (transversal) hydrodynamic modes " (see Fig. 2), one can conclude that the role of the collective drift in the self-diffusion increases as the pressure grows. 

In summary, we have determined that parameters such as level of agitation, additive concentration, and current density influence the dopant incorporation in plated copper in a systematic manner. Bath age does not have an effect on dopant amounts. The resistance decrease of plated-copper films is slowed down by all parameters that cause an increase in dopant levels. 

Figure 5. Density influence on through-plane electrical conductivity from an array of experimental compositions.

The current density influence on the process of hydrochloric acid electrolysis seems to be varied. On the one hand, the rise of current density i followed by increase in both expenditure of electric power and chlorine cost, - since it will cause an increase in operation expenses, in particular, expense of cold for cooling HCl before electrolysis. On the other hand, the production rated at the work at increased current densities requires lesser investments. It should be taken into account also that while increasiiig the current density from 1 to 4 kA/m. the chlorine yield rises from 95,6 to 97% [4). 

Deposition in the thoracic region is the sum of aerodynamic and thermodynamic deposition of particulate material. Aerodynamic deposition depends on aerodynamic particle size, total volumetric flow rate, anatomical dead space, tidal volume, functional residual capacity (FRC) (combined residual and expiratory reserve volume or the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration) and diameter of the airways. Thermodynamic deposition depends on anatomical and physical characteristics, such as tidal volume, anatomical dead space, functional residual capacity and the transit time of air within each region. Thermodynamic particle size, which is derived from the diffusion coefficient, particle shape factor and the particles mass density, influence thermodynamic deposition. 

The viscosity and density influence the dissolution rate if the dissolution is transport-controlled, but not if the dissolution is reaction-controlled. 

The term P/J s m is the power density influencing the molecule. It is identical to the intensity / and is related to the electric field strength P/Vm" ... 

Bryant, S. J., Anseth, K. S., Lee, D. A., Bader, D. L. Crosslinking density influences the morphology of chondrocytes photoencapsulated in PEG hydrogels during the application of compressive strain. Journal of Orthopedic Research. 2004, 22, 1143-1149. 

Note that since the average amphiphile density influences the strength r of the charges, but p = (/,) in turn depends on the parameters and r of the model, a self-consistent procedure is unavoidable in a grand canonical ensemble to determine r, p, and /<, at every point in the phase diagram [37]. Alternatively, a canonical ensemble can be used in which the total number of charges is fixed [33]. 

The glow temperature is the lowest temperature, for which a dust layer with a thickness of 5 mm is ignited. It is determined under well-defined testing conditions on a hot plate (vid. [31]). The glow temperature decreases with increasing layer thickness. Additionally, grain size and bulk powder density influence the heat balance and hence the glow temperature. Table 2.24 contains values for selected materials. 

The high gas density influences the properties of the gas such as the viscosity and the speed of sound. Therefore, a critical density can be specified such that for densities below this critical density, the perfect-gas assumption and the similarity between gas flows hold. The critical density can be calculated for a specified error tolerance of 5 %. For nitrogen gas, the critical density for the perfect-gas assumption is... 

Wang and Bajorath [97] have carried out an extensive study based on their earlier work [96]. Both studies used the Tversky similarity function given in Equation 15.5.2, to assess how molecular complexity ( size ) and bit density influence the results of similarity searches based on molecular fingerprints. Generally, but not always, molecular complexity and bit density are closely related, that is, more complex molecules tend to have greater bit densities than less complex molecules. A key element of their study is the construction of bit-density invariant similarity functions that account for the distribution of both 1-bits and 0-bits. The functions are based on weighted combinations of terms of the form given in Equation 15.5.2 or 15.5.3... 

FIGURE 7.17 Photoresponse of crosslinked PLCP films with an LC monomer and crosslinker containing a spacer of undecylene. The crosslinking density influences the bending direction of the photomechanical film. 

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