Demonstrate

Equation (5.8) tends to predict vapor loads slightly higher than those predicted by the full multicomponent form of the Underwood equation. The important thing, however, is not the absolute value but the relative values of the alternative sequences. Porter and Momoh have demonstrated that the rank order of total vapor load follows the rank order of total cost. 

In order to meet French manufacturers fuel quality specifications, a diesel fuel should contain a detergent additive whose effectiveness will have been demonstrated by the procedure described previously. 

Specifically, this volume Intends to help the reader to understand the major technical and business considerations which make up each part of the life of a typical oil or gas field, and to demonstrate the link between the many disciplines involved. 

Many techniques have been developed for management of the safety and environmental impact of operations, and much science is applied to these areas. The objective of this section is to demonstrate how the practising engineer can have a significant impact on these aspects of a field development, and that safety and the environment should be the concerns of all employees. 

The example of a binary mixture is used to demonstrate the increased complexity of the phase diagram through the introduction of a second component in the system. Typical reservoir fluids contain hundreds of components, which makes the laboratory measurement or mathematical prediction of the phase behaviour more complex still. However, the principles established above will be useful in understanding the differences in phase behaviour for the main types of hydrocarbon identified. 

The geometry and reservoir quality have a very important influence on whether horizontal wells will realise a benefit compared to a vertical well, as demonstrated by the following example. 

Another type of gravity separator used for small amounts of oily water, the oil interceptor, is widely used both offshore and onshore. These devices work by encouraging oil particles to coalesce on the surface of plates. Once bigger oil droplets are formed they tend to float to the surface of the water faster and can be skimmed off. A corrugated plate interceptor (CPI) is shown below and demonstrates the principle involved. However there are many varieties available. Plate interceptors can typically reduce oil content to 50-150 ppm. 

Various types of subsea production systems are being used and their versatility and practicality is being demonstrated in both major and marginal fields throughout the world. 

A new acoustic emission system (AEBIL Acoustic Emission Binary Localizer) meeting the requirements for continuous on-line structural surveillance of critical conponents of operating plants Is described in the paper. The system is specifically designed to identify and locate structurally significant, spatially concentrated, AE sources in the presence of a high rate of spatially diffuse AE events. The system performance and reliability has been extensively demonstrated in In-plant applications. 

A novel approach for suppression of grain noise in ultrasonic signals, based on noncoherent detector statistics and signal entropy, is presented. The performance of the technique is demonstrated using ultrasonic B-scans from samples with coarse material structure. 

Experimental results on real ultrasonic B-scan data, acquired from samples with coarse material structure, are presented to demonstrate the power of the novel approach. 

The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on two rqjresentative NDT techniques intapretation of data acquired with an ultrasonic rail inspection system and interpretation of eddy-current data from heat exchangers in (petro-)chemical industry. The results show that it is possible to provide a high level of automation in combination with efficient operator support for highly variable NDT measurements where up to now use of automated interpretation was only limited. 

The classical computer tomography (CT), including the medical one, has already been demonstrated its efficiency in many practical applications. At the same time, the request of the all-round survey of the object, which is usually unattainable, makes it important to find alternative approaches with less rigid restrictions to the number of projections and accessible views for observation. In the last time, it was understood that one effective way to withstand the extreme lack of data is to introduce a priori knowledge based upon classical inverse theory (including Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)) of the solution of ill-posed problems [1-6]. As shown in [6] for objects with binary structure, the necessary number of projections to get the quality of image restoration compared to that of CT using multistep reconstruction (MSR) method did not exceed seven and eould be reduced even further. 

The described approach is suitable for the reconstruction of complicated dielectric profiles of high contrast and demonstrates good stability with respect to the noise in the input data. However, the convergence and the stability of the solution deteriorate if the low-frequency information is lacking. Thus, the method needs to be modified before using in praetiee with real microwave and millimeter wave sourees and antennas, whieh are usually essentially band-limited elements. 

Arzhaev A T, Kiselyov V.A., Bougaenko S E., Strelkov B.P, Badalyan VG, Vopilkin, A.Kb. Safety significance of Augur-4.2 on-site applications at RBMK NPPs. In NDE Techniques Capability Demonstration and Inspection Qualification, U. EstorffandP. Lematre (Eds ), 1997, pp, 251-259. 

Since we did not know that we were in NDT we were unaware of others in the field and felt it to be a rather new field, we felt like explorers For us it was new and we carried on for some time blissfully unaware that Prof. Hughes had demonstrated the effect almost 100 years before and Foerster had solved most of the practical problems more than a decade earlier. We only gradually became aware that we were not alone. 

Earlier research has been focused on laboratory work to determine the feasibility of the method. Both experiments on real components and FEM simulations have been used. Simulations have been used as a guidance when deciding a suitable measurement arrangement. Examples of the information that can be obtained from FEM simulations will be demonstrated. 

Such requirements are meant to change the usual configurations and technologies usually associated with photothermal set-up. These changes mainly affect the IR detection devices, the optical components associated with the excitation and detection flux and the signal acquisition hardware and software. Figure 9 presents a sketch of the so-called pre-industrial demonstrator built from those different improvements. 

The demonstrator whose goal is to establish feasibility studies and to size specific industrial tools is now operating in FRAMATOME Technical Center. 

Figure 10 Fig 4. part inspection obtained on the pre-industrial demonstrator same information compared to fig. 6 but the inspection is completed 20 times faster. 

The resolution of images of the Real Time X-Ray system depend on the material thickness and on the settings of the system. While setting up the Real Time X-Ray inspection of parts the resolution is compared with the resolution aehieved in film bases X-Ray as used over the last years. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity of Real Time X-Ray meets the specification of DIN 54109 Bildgtitteklasse II. 

This opens perspectives for obtaining phase contrast information in a microfocus tomographic system Recently we have developed a desktop X-ray microtomographic system [4] with a spot size of 8 micrometer (70 KeV) and equipped with a (1024) pixel CCD, lens coupled to a scintillator. The system is now commercially available [5], The setup is sketched in Figure 1 In this work we used the system to demonstrate the feasibility for phase contrast microtomography. 

It has been demonstrated that phase contrast microtomography is feasible with a desktop (commercial) X-ray microtomographic system The observations agree well with the theoretical predictions. This opens perspectives for high resolution microtomography of light objects. 

But there are two physical phenomena that were not taken into account in the frame of the theory [1-3], although our last researches demonstrate its principal significance for liquid penetrant testing. The aim of this study is to investigate these phenomena and to determine the restrictions on theory applicability. 

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