Delays in time

The plug-flow region represents a time delay thus C2 is equal to Ci delayed in time by... 

COMT inhibition is more effective than controlled-release carbidopa/L-dopa in providing consistent extension of effect and avoids the delay in time to maximal effect seen with controlled-release L-dopa products. 

In phase-modulation fluorometry, the pulsed light source typical of time-domain measurements is replaced with an intensity-modulated source (Figure 10.5). Because of the time lag between absorption and emission, the emission is delayed in time relative to the modulated excitation. At each modulation frequency (to = 2nf) this delay is described as the phase shift (0, ), which increases from 0 to 90° with increasing modulation frequency. The finite time response of the sample also results in demodulation to the emission by a factor m which decreases from 1.0 to 0.0 with increasing modulation frequency. The phase angle (Ow) and the modulation (m, ) are separate... 

When time-dependent signals are to be measured by a photomultiplier, the time sensitivity is usually limited by the inhomogeneous transit time. The transit time is the time taken by electrons generated in the cathode to arrive at the anode. If all of the emitted electrons had the same transit time, then the current induced in the anode would display the same time dependence as the incoming light, but delayed in time. However, not all of the electrons have the same transit time. This produces some uncertainty in the time taken by electrons to arrive at the anode. There are two main causes of this dispersion ... 

Figure 3.20 shows the effect of the transit time dispersion on the measurement of an ideal light pulse. Since photoelectrons spend some time traveling from the photocathode to the anode (transit time), the photomultiplier signal is delayed in time with respect to the incident pulse. Furthermore, due to the transit time dispersion, the... 

The first-generation sulfonylureas are not frequently used in the modem management of diabetes mellitus because of their relatively low specificity of action, delay in time of onset, occasional long duration of action, and a variety of side effects. They also tend to have more adverse drug interactions than the second-generation sulfonylureas. They are occasionally used in patients who have achieved previous adequate control with these agents. 

Cement no. Method addition f Water-cement ratio Slump, mm (in) Air. % Delay in time of setting, min Initial Final ... 

In studying this system, the first femtosecond pulse takes the ion pair M+X to the covalent branch of the MX potential at a separation of 2.7 A. The activated complexes [MX], following their coherent preparation, increase their intemuclear separation and ultimately transform into the ionic [M+ X ] form. With a series of pulses delayed in time from the first one the nuclear motion through the transition state and all the way to the final M + X products can be followed. The probe pulse examines the system at an absorption frequency corresponding to either the complex [M X] or the free atom M. 

Vanadium treatment in animals has been shown to interfere with the development of malignant tumors. In 1984, oral treatment with vanadyl sulfate was shown to decrease the induction of mammary carcinoma [167], New experiments have involved treatment to induce a mammary carcinoma in rats started on oral vanadate treatment that continued for 35 weeks. Vanadium treatment protected the rat from development of cancer as determined histologically. In addition, a significant reduction in incidence of total number of tumors and a delay in time to tumor appearance was observed. Vanadium-treated animals had lower tissue distribution of metallothio-nein, a prognostic marker for breast cancer. The mammary tissue in the vanadium-treated group showed increased apoptosis, which could be related to the anticarci-nogenic effect [168],... 

Two-parameter time-delay model (Buffham,14 Buflham and Gibilaro,15 and Buflham el al.18) This model is based on the concept of fluid elements being randomly delayed in time on their passage through the bed. The model has been mainly applied to the liquid-phase backmixing in a trickle-bed reactor. The model assumes that the liquid would flow in plug flow except for the fact that molecules... 

The observation period is variable based on the time of onset of the toxic effect. If it is rapid (minutes to 2-3 h) and associated with quick recovery, an observation period of 3-4 days may be sufficient. For effects that are slow in onset (2-3 days) and delayed in time, a minimum observation period of 14 days is recommended. 

Consider first the force power spectrum. At modest bath densities this is to be derived for particle pairs initially at R moving inward. The strong repulsive potential for R < Rp leads to a power sjjectrum 8/iBMk7BBM(o>) of a form discussed in Section III C (with di = 0 because the trajectories begin at Rp, not Rj, and do not exjjerience the acceleration effect). The delay in time between initiation at Rp and recoil is so small that collisional effects are... 

Food effects Alosetron absorption is decreased by 25% by coadministration with food, with a mean delay in time to peak concentration of 15 min. 

Process dead time refers to the delay in time before the process starts responding to a disturbance in an input variable. It is sometimes referred to as transportation lag or time delay . Dead time or delays can also be encountered in measurement sensors such as thermocouples, pressure transducers, and in transmission of information from one point to another. In these cases, it is referred to as measurement lag. 

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