Degradation of chemicals

Trapp, R. The Detoxification and Natural Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents. Volume 3 of SIPRI Chemical Biological Warfare Studies. London Taylor Francis, 1985. 

Hoffmann, M. R. Hua, I. Hoechemer, R., Application of Ultrasonic Irradiation for the Degradation of Chemical Contaminants in Water, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 3(3), pp. S163-S172, 1996. 

Other biological redox processes are for instance important in the bacterial degradation of chemical products found in the soil (such as the oxygenases illustrated in Chapter 9, Section 1.1). 

Klopffer, W., Haag, F., Kohl, E.G., and Frank, R. Testing of the abiotic degradation of chemicals in the atmosphere the smog chamber approach, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 15(3) 298-319,1988. 

Librando, V. and Lane, D.A. Degradation of chemicals with significant environmental impact, in American Chemical Society-Division of Environmental Chemistry, Preprints of Extended Abstracts, 37(l) 283-284.1997. 

Primary minerals with low surface area (e.g., sihca minerals) and low reactivity mainly affect the physical transport of water, dissolved chemicals, colloids, immiscible (in water) liqnids, and vapors. Secondary minerals generally have high surface area (e.g., clay minerals) and high reactivity that affect the transport of chemicals, their retention and release onto and from the solid phase, and their surface-induced transformations. The sohd phase also can indirectly induce the degradation of chemical compounds, through its effects on the water-air ratio in the system and, thus, on microbiological activity. 

Behnke, W., W. Hollander, W. Koch, F. Nolting, and C. Zetzsch, A Smog Chamber for Studies of the Photochemical Degradation of Chemicals in the Presence of Aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 22, 1113-1120 (1988). 

There is some way to go before all toxicity data of all commonly used materials will have been determined and made readily available, but the pharmaceutical industry does already measure the toxicity data of its APIs. Linked to toxicity are the impacts associated with degradation of chemicals (Green Chemistry Principle... 

The Importance of Sunlight in Industry. Sunlight is hardly ever used nowadays for quantitative laboratory photochemical research, but it remains the most important light source for many indirect industrial applications which involve the light-induced degradation of chemicals. 

Frank, R. and W. Klopffer. 1989. A convenient model and program for the assessment of abiotic degradation of chemicals in natural water. Ecotox. Environ. Safety 17 323-332. 

Media- and Matrix-Related Differences in Degradation of Chemicals... 

Glisten, H., Medven, Z., Sekusak, S., and Sabljic, A., Predicting tropospheric degradation of chemicals from estimation to computation, SAR QSAR Environ. Res., 4, 197-209, 1995. 

The primary mechanisms of degradation of chemicals in soil, water, sediment, air, and biota environments are classified as biotic (biodegradation, phytodegradation, and respiration) or abiotic (hydrolysis, photolysis, and oxidation/reduction), as shown in Figure 6.7. Biodegradation, the transformation of chemicals by microorganisms, has potential to occur in any environmental compartment that... 

Slein MW, Sansone EB (1980) Degradation of Chemical Carcinogens, An Annotated Bibliography, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New... 

The list of criteria is very long and requires in many cases more knowledge than available on the labels or in published documents. A critical area in this respect is the degradation of chemicals down to a level below 10 ppb, which is usually not studied or published for normal registration of pesticides. In order to obtain this information we sometimes need close contacts with agrochemical companies and an exchange of possibly confidential information on active substances and their metabolites. 

Hill, C.M., Li, W.S., Thoden, J.B., Holden, H.M., Raushel, F.M. (2003). Enhanced degradation of chemical warfare agents through molecular engineering of the phosphotriesterase active site. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 8990-1. 

Degradation of Chemical Carcinogens An Annotated Bibliography, ed. M. W. Slein et al. (New York Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980). 

High-Temperature Structural Degradation of Chemical Nature... 

A9.4.3.2.2 The present standard methods for investigating degradability of chemical substances are developed for readily soluble test compounds. However, many organic substances are only slightly soluble in water. As the standard tests require 2-100 mg/1 of the test substance, sufficient availability may not be reached for substances with a low water solubility. Tests with continuous mixing and/or an increased exposure time, or tests with a special design where concentrations of the test substance lower than the water solubility have been employed, may be available on slightly soluble compounds. 

Examples of relevant chemical transformation processes in aqueous environment are hydrolysis, nucleophilic substitution, elimination, oxidation and reduction reactions (Schwarzenbach et al, 1993). Of these, hydrolysis is often considered the most important and it is the only chemical transformation process for which international test guidelines are generally available. The tests for abiotic degradation of chemicals are generally in the form of determination of transformation rates under standardized conditions. 

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