Degasification

The following two tabulations summarize the operating conditions in the active lattice, and the solubility of gases at these conditions. The gas solubilities are calculated for the surface temperatureofmost of the transfer areas of the fuel rods. 

Temperature of entering water Temperature of leaving water Temperature of hot metal surface points Temperature of most metal surface points Absolute pressure Process-water flow Reactor power 2 2 concentration 

The gas solubilites of the water under the conditions that qxist in the demineralizer tank and upo-n, entering the process-water system are as follows  

In the following table are summarized the quantities of the various gases and the total quantity of gases that the vacuum steam jet must remove. It is necessary to remove the water vapor because it is carried along with the other gases. 

The above table is based on start-up conditions. During continued operation the gas load from air saturated water will be negligible. 

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An alternative pretreatment for seawater is acidification of the bicarbonate followed by degasification to remove the carbon dioxide generated. The precipitation step for the seawater process is given by (76) ... 

Weisler Fred Sodaro, Rick (Hoechst Celanese Corp.). Degasification of Water Using Novel Membrane Technology. Ultrapure Water, Tall Oaks Publishing Inc., USA, September 1996. 

The explosion of coal-dust is usually of a thermal character. It undergoes degasification under the influence of a high temperature to form coke grains. If such grains are found after an underground explosion it is proof that the explosion was due to coal-dust. 

Norbert Berkowitz I once again question the admissibility of the kinetic approach. Hydrogen yields at the various temperatures are not normalized, and that implies the quite untenable assumption that hydrogen yields at all experimental temperatures would all be the same provided sufficiently long degasification periods were allowed. I doubt whether the authors actually do imply that, but if they don t, they ought to bear in mind that classical kinetics... 

The last two decades have seen an increased interest in the use of supercritical fluids in separation science. Supercritical C02 has often been employed as a naturally occurring medium for the separation, purification, and determination of organic substances in environmental samples. However, there are only limited reports on the use of supercritical fluid as solvent in the separation of metal ions from solutions as well as various solid matrices. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology offers several advantages over conventional solvent-based methods, including the ability to extract radionuclides directly from solids, easy separation of solutes from C02, and minimization of waste generation. It can easily be removed from the extracted substances by degasification under atmospheric pressure and temperature. 

In the case of a feed TDS ranging from 1.5 to 2 kg/m3, the energy consumption is of the order of 1.6-2.6 kWh/m3 of treated water. In the circumstances, there is no need to remove organic matter, colloids, and Si02 from raw water, while treated water is just chlorinated for disinfection. On the contrary, degasification and alkaline injection for pH adjustment are used with RO systems. Also, caustic neutralization is needed before RO retentate is discharged to the environment. 

Basically, no special devices have been developed to handle mobile phases in nano-HPLC. However, our experience dictates that reservoirs small in volume and of high quality glass are preferred for this purpose. Solvent containers should be air tight and free from any contamination. The use of helium gas, through a sparging device, may be beneficial for degasification of solvents in nano-HPLC, which can improve check valve reliabilities, especially at nano flow, and diminish baseline noise in UV detection. Besides, each reservoir should be equipped with a shutoff valve for efficient helium consumption [9]. 

The neat epoxy resin was prepared by casting. The as-received B-stage material was subjected to degasification at 85 °C inside a vacuum oven. The softened resin was then transferred into a preheated silicon-rubber mold. The curing schedule was 121 °C for 2.0 hours, 177 °C for 2.5 hours, followed by a slow cooling at 0.5 °C per minute to room temperature (23.0 °C). 

Figure 10.15 shows the main screen that opens when the program is initiated. This screen does not have any actual inputs other than the "Go" or run program icon at the top center of the screen (see call out number "8" in Figure 10.1). The screen shows a process flow diagram including the RO membranes and feed pump, chemical feed pretreatment (if needed), and posttreatment degasification and chemical treatment (if needed). The program returns to this screen after each of the other input screens are completed.

Eliminate potential aggressive ions that induce SCC, dissolved gases, heavy metals and impurities by chemical or physical methods such as degasification, demineralization, distillation, etc. 

Hildebrandt, R. System Study on a Horizontally Circulating Fluidized Bed for Preliminary Degasification and Combustion of Hard Coal, Forschuhgsber. -Bunderminist. Forsch. Technol., Technol. Forsch. Entwickl.. BMFT-FB-T 81-137, 61 (1981). 

Quemada et al. (1985) model (Equation 2.11) was used to analyze data on cocoa dispersions (Fang et al., 1996) and the role of cocoa butter replacers (Fang et al., 1997). Selected values of rheological properties of chocolate are given in Table 5-G. In addition, the data of Fang et al. (1996) (Table 5-H) before and after degasification as a function of temperature are note worthy. 

These procedures include adjustment of pH and ionic strength of the medium, through the use of a suitable buffering medium and other salts and/or sugars. The prepared suspending medium should then be carefully processed beforehand and with respect to sterilization, filtration, and degasification. 

Until recently, interest in the recycle process was limited to the treatment of high strength-low sohds industrial wastes such as meat packing wastes (1). Such systems encountered solids separation problems arising from buoyancy imparted by rising fermentation gas bubbles. Vacuum degasification has solved this problem, and hence the "anaerobic activated sludge process is feasible for industrial waste applications. 

FIGURE 2.8 Central ultrapure water degasification system. 

FIGURE 2.9 (See color insert following page 588.) Polishing loop degasification system. 

Wiesler EE and Sodaro RA, Degasification of water using novel membrane technology, Ultrapure Water 1996, 35, 53. 

Peterson PA, Runkle CJ, Sengupta A, and Wiesler EE, Shell-less hollow fiber membrane fluid contactor, US Patent 6,149,817, 20(30. Sengupta A, Runkle CJ, Vido TR, and Kitteringham BA, Economy of scale Large membrane modules for degasification and purification, International Water Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, October 2003. 

FIGURE 13.16 Experimental setup gas absorption and subsequent degasification using membrane modules. (From Bhaumik, D., Majumdar, S., Fan, O., and Sirkar, K.K., J. Mem. Sci., 235, 31, 2004. With permission.)... 

COLOR FIGURE 2.9 Polishing loop degasification system. 

COLOR FIGURE 2.13 Boiler water degasification system using membrane contactors. 

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