Definition of the term

In 1814, J.J. Berzelius succeeded for the first time in systematically naming chemical substances by building on the results of quantitative analyses and on the definition of the term "element by Lavoisier. In the 19th century, the number of known chemical compounds increased so rapidly that it became essential to classify them, to avoid a complete chaos of trivial names (see Section 2.2.4). 

A major difficulty which has been encountered with these definitions (identified as a particular problem by EDSTAC) is the definition of the term adverse . For a chemical to be judged an ED, it is important to show that the response seen has an adverse effect on the health or reproductive capacity of affected organisms or populations and is not just a change which falls within the normal range of physiological variation. 

Although the standard does not recognize any classification of nonconformities, the practical application of nonconformity controls requires controls to be balanced with the severity of the nonconformity. It is not necessary to seek concessions from a customer against requirements that have not been specified, or seek design authority approval for workmanship imperfections. The definition of the term defect in ISO 8402, and the fact that there are many requirements other than those specified in a contract or needed to satisfy market needs, demands that it is sensible to classify nonconformities into three categories ... 

The definition of the terms can be found in Refs. 91, 92. The excess chemical potential, computed from the direct correlation function of the... 

Refer to the section Model Chemistries in Chapter 1 for a discussion of the desirable features of a theoretical model and for the definition of the terms in this paragraph. 

An absolutely scientific definition of the term essential cr volatile oils is hardly possible, but for all practical purposes they may be defined as odoriferous bodies of an oily nature obtained almost exclusively from vegetable sources, generally liquid (sometimes semi-solid or solid) at ordinary temperatures, and volatile without decomposition. This definition must be accepted within the ordinary limitations which are laid down by the common acceptation of the words, which will make themselves apparent in the sequel, and show that no more restricted definition is either advantageous or possible. Many essential oils, for example, are partially decomposed when distilled by themselves, and some even when steam distilled. 

Definition of the terms fume, smoke, dust and grit... 

The concept of oxidation number leads directly to a working definition of the terms oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is defined as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number. Consider once again the reaction of zinc with a strong acid ... 

We have, however, made a careful definition of the term valence electrons ( the electrons that are most loosely bound see p. 269). We have also used carefully the term valence orbitals to mean the entire cluster of orbitals of about the same energy as those which are occupied by the valence electrons. In both of these uses, the word valence is used as an adjective. 

Chemists prefer to use the term electrolyte for the salt itself, in contrast to the above definition of the term. According to their use, the liquid ion-conductor is called an electrolyte solution. 

See footnote 6 of the present chapter (p. 987), for the definition of the term anti-unitary. ... 

Before I proceed with the discussion of the dediazoniation mechanism, it is necessary to spend some paragraphs considering the definition of the term crisis as used by Kuhn. As already discussed in Section 8.3 the crisis was terminated by the experiments which demonstrated that the first step in Scheme 9-2 is reversible (mechanism B), or in other words that a simple organic compound, the phenyl cation, does react with N2 molecules. 

It may be useful to reiterate and expand the more formal definition of the terms. 

Although the term process trend emulates a certain intuitive understanding in the minds of the speaker and the listener, this understanding may not be the same. Certainly, we do not have a clear, sound, and unambiguous definition of the term trend, and this must be the first issue to be addressed. 

It is extraordinary difficult to provide a sufficiently precise, yet concise, definition of the term mineral that will entirely be satisfactory from all points of view. However, the term... 

Proper identification of a hazardous waste can be a difficult and confusing task, as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations establish a complex definition of the term hazardous waste. To help make sense of what is and is not a hazardous waste, this chapter presents the steps involved in the process of identifying, or characterizing, a hazardous waste. 

According to Congress, the original statutory definition of the term hazardous waste is as follows ... 

In clinical chemistry and medical diagnostics the true positive rate is called sensitivity rate and the true negative rate specificity rate (O Rangers and Condon [2000]) without any relation to the general definition of the terms sensitivity and specificity and their use in analytical chemistry (see Sects. 7.2 and 7.3). 

Scientific theory states that one of the most important tasks of science, and scientists, is the task of definition. Thus it becomes absolutely necessary to define the phenomenon known as life . Very few terms which are used so frequently have been defined in such an unsatisfactory manner. The paradox is that the more we know about life, the more difficult it becomes to define it satisfactorily. There is still no clear definition of the term life which is accepted by all the scientists studying this phenomenon (Cleland and Chyba, 2002). 

The term information often comes up in discussions of biogenesis, so a brief survey of its meaning is called for. Just as with the problem of the definition of the term life , there seems to be no generally accepted definition of the term information . The state of the physical world can be described in terms of three basic quantities ... 

The question is how primitive a cell can be in order for it to still fulfil the needs of the definitions of the term life . As already discussed (see Sect. 1.4), the definition of life is notoriously difficult (Luisi, 1998) and sometimes leads to misunderstandings in the community of biogeneticists. 

A definition of Chemometrics is a little trickier of come by. The term was originally coined by Kowalski, but nowadays many Chemometricians use the definition by Massart [4], On the other hand, one compilation presents nine different definitions for Chemometrics [5, 6] (including What Chemometricians do , a definition that apparently was suggested only HALF humorously ). But our goal here is not to get into the argument over the definition of the term, so for our current purposes, it is convenient to consider a perhaps somewhat simplified definition of Chemometrics as meaning multivariate methods of data analysis applied to data of chemical interest . 

A straightforward definition of the term ab initio is from the beginning , from the first principles . Ab initio calculation of some property implies not using any experimental data or input, but relating the calculated property only to the fundamental constants entering the applied quantum-physical laws. 

As expected from Table 5.7, this environmental quotient for conventional oxo processes (basis Co catalysts) and for the manufacture of the bulk chemical -butanal is actually about 0.6-0.9, depending on the definition of the term "target" product. The range 0.6-0.9... 

Briefly, the quality management system is a combination of quality management, quality control and quality assurance. Quality assurance and quality control are components of the laboratory s quality management system. There is often confusion over the meaning of quality control and quality assurance and regrettably they are often used interchangeably. This is possibly because some quality control and quality assurance actions are interrelated. The definition of the terms can be found in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard, ISO 9000 2005 [2],... 

Let two peaks of equal height in a mass spectrum at masses m and m, Am, be separated by a valley which at its lowest point is just 10% of the height of either peak. For similar peaks at a mass exceeding m, let the height of the valley at its lowest point be more (by any amount) than 10% of either peak. Then the resolution (10% valley definition) is m/Am. The ratio m/Am should be given for a number of values of m [4], Comment. This is a typical example of the confusion regarding the definition of the term resolution. Here resolution is used instead of the more appropriate phrase mass resolving power (which is the inverse of resolution). 

Which of the following provides the best definition of the term avant-garde as the author intends it in the passage ... 

Notwithstanding the efforts of groups attempting to precisely define acceptable practices and requirements, [20] confusion still exists on the differences between definition of the terms high resolution and accurate mass. [21] High resolution, as in any context, implies the ability to make confident measurements of small differences. In mass spectrometry, high resolution implies the ability to measure the small differences deriving from different elemental compositions, which have the... 

In this chapter brief information on the origin and cost of titanium will be discussed. A definition of the term unique properties will be given and how these properties are exploited in the membrane, diaphragm and in the mercury cell processes will be considered and miscellaneous applications touched upon. The chapter will conclude with a summary of the financial benefits which, after all, propel the use of this challenging material. 

Look up the definitions of the terms luster, malleability, and electrical conductivity. To what elements do they apply ... 

Following our initial definition of the term cyclization reaction , the starting materials possess one donor site which is easily oxidized by one of the above-... 

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