Defining Issues Test

Sanders CE, Lubinski D, Benbow CP 1995 Does the defining issues test measure psychological phenomena distinct from verbal ability An examination of Lykken s query. J Pers Soc Psych... 

Bebeau, M. J. (2002). The defining issues test and the four component model Contributions to professional education. Journal of Moral Education, 31(3), 271-295. 

Sutton, R. E. (1992). Review of the defining issues test. In J. X Kramer X C. Conoley (Eds.), The mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln Buros Institute of Mental Measurements. 

In 1967, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) issued NFPA 493-1967 which defined specific tests and construction techniques to be employed. Today, the current standard is NFPA 493-1978. 

Another important issue is the lack of documentation about the validation/verification of the developed computer codes with properly and internationally accepted QA-measures and well defined benchmark test problems so that the reliability of the software can be well established, especially for large-scale industrial applications. 

The way of attaching models to the logical structure, for instance the mechanical model, is very important because it leads to the question, whether necessary interfaces are existing or not. Besides, this offers an opportunity to define and test standard processes. These issues are interesting from a methodological point of view. 

Also, the electronic control-valve device s level of immunity to, and emission of, electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be an issue in the chemical-valve environment. EMI requirements for the control-valve devices are presently mandatory in the European Community but voluntary in the United States, Japan, and the rest of the world. International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) SOI, Parts I through 4, Electromagnetic Compatibihty for Industrial Process Measurement and Control Equipment, defines tests and requirements for control-device immunity. Immunity and emission standards are addressed in CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) EN 50 081-1 1992, EN 50 081-2 1993, EN 50 082-1 1992, and prEN 50 082-2 1994. 

The connection that has been shown in Section VIII to exist between burn-out in a rod bundle and in an annulus leads to the question of whether or not a link may also exist between, for example, a round tube and an annulus. Now, a round tube has its cross section defined uniquely by one dimension—its diameter therefore if a link exists between a round tube and an annulus section, it must be by way of some suitably defined equivalent diameter. Two possibilities that immediately appear are the hydraulic diameter, dw = d0 — dt, and the heated equivalent diameter, dh = (da2 — rf,2)/ however, there are other possible definitions. To resolve the issue, Barnett (B4) devised a simple test, which is illustrated by Figs. 38 and 39. These show a plot of reliable burn-out data for annulus test sections using water at 1000 psia. Superimposed are the corresponding burn-out lines for round tubes of different diameters based on the correlation given in Section VIII. It is clearly evident that the hydraulic and the heated equivalent diameters are unsuitable, as the discrepancies are far larger than can be explained by any inaccuracies in the data or in the correlation used. 

Example 62 If a manufacturing process involves two raw materials, each defined by three sets of specification limits, and four pieces of equipment with one control knob, then a complete validation protocol would ask for (Three settings Lo, Target, Hi) (2 materials 3 specs + 4 machines 1 control) = 3 = 59 000 experiments, even without repetitions. This product would never reach the market if one did not employ experience and scientific rationale to simplify development by testing only the presumed critical issues, say a total of three specification points for 3 = 27 experiments. 

To test further this hypothesis, a simulated cell/tissue model system has been devised using quantitatively comparable cell fines, in which the amount of selected antigen (potential reference standard) can be measured accurately on a cell-to-cell basis in fresh and FFPE specimens that are processed under clearly defined but variable conditions, including periods of formalin fixation, delay times of fixation (prefixation time or warm ischemic time), storage conditions, and other technical issues such as thickness of each tissue section, in... 

---