Decacyclene

In the present study, the liquefaction activities of pyrene, its derivatives, and decacyclene with coals of several ranks are studied to ascertain the previous ideas of liquefaction mechanism and to develop novel liquefaction process under atmospheric pressure. The coals used in the present study are non-fusible or fusible at relatively high temperature, and then gave small liquefaction yield with pyrene of a non-solvoly-tic solvent at 370°C. 

Liquefaction of fusible coal at high temperature. The liquefaction of Itmann coal, of which softening point and maximum fluidity temperature are 417° and 465°C, respectively, was carried out at several temperatures using decacyclene as a liquefaction solvent. 

The results are shown in Fig. 2, where the QI yield was adopted as a measure of liquefaction extent. Because the solubility of decacyclene in quinoline was rather limitted, the QI contained a considerable amount of decacyclene. Liquefaction of this coal proceeded scarcely below 420°C of the softening temperature with this solvent as well as pyrene. Above this temperature, the QI yield decreased sharply with the increasing liquefaction temperature until the resolidification temperature of the coal. The maximum LY observed at this temperature was estimated 67%, decacyclene being assumed uncharged under the conditions. Above the resolidification temperature, the QI yield increased sharply. The carbonization may start. Decacyclene was known unreacted at 470°C in its single heat-treatment (10), and in its cocarbonization with some coals(11), although it is fusible. Cocarbonization of fusible... 

Figure 2. Effect of reaction temperature on coal liquefaction yield. Coal = It-mann solvent = decacyclene solvent.coal ratio = 3 1.

The present results are well understood by the above mechanism. Itmann which is fusible at relatively high temperature was not liquefied below 420°C with a non-solvolytic solvent such as pyrene, however it was significantly liquefied at 480°C of its maximum fluidity temperature in decacyclene of a stable aromatic compound. 

Atmospheric liquefaction of coals of three ranks were studied at temperature range of 37CW470°C, using decacyclene, pyrene, alkylated pyrene and hydrogenated pyrene as the liquefying solvent. Coal of high... 

Other optodes have been developed and tested in-vivo, all of them using a fluorophore, the fluorescence of which is quenched by oxygen. In the intravascular sensor developed by CDI, previously described, a specially synthesised fluorophore, a modified decacyclene ( Lexc=385 nm, em=515 nm), is combined with a second reference-fluorophore that is insensitive to oxygen, and is incorporated into a hydrophobic silicon membrane that is permeable to oxygen. 

A similar study of the dye Cl Sulphur Orange 1, obtained by heating 2,4-diaminotoluene with sulphur led to the isolation of compound 6.136 after reaction of the alkali melt of the dye with chloroacetic acid. It was concluded that the commercial dye is a polybenzothiazole. The final hue of the product depends on the temperature and the duration of the sulphurisation the use of a smaller proportion of sulphur produces Cl Sulphur Brown 10. A similar product (Cl Sulphur Brown 8) is obtained when 2,4-dinitrotoluene is baked with sodium polysulphide. A brown sulphur dye of high fastness to light (Cl Sulphur Brown 52) results when the polycyclic hydrocarbon decacyclene (6.137) is baked with sulphur at 350 °C [57]. 

Schmid et al. used the same principle to develop sensors to be incorporated into FI systems for the determination of ascorbic acid in fruit juices [38] and that of lactic acid in dairy products [39]. The membrane used in both applications consisted of decacyclene dissolved in silicone rubber that was treated similarly as the membrane in glucose sensors (Fig. 3.4.B). The oxygen optrode was coated with a sheet of carbon black as optical insulation in order to protect it from ambient light or intrinsic sample fluorescence. Ascorbic acid oxidase or lactic acid oxidase was immobilized by adsorbing it onto carbon black and cross-linking it with glutaraldehyde. The FI system automatically buffered and diluted the food samples, thereby protecting the biosensor from a low pH and interferents. 

The carrier used for this purpose consisted of a 0.1 M phosphate buffer of pH 7. The appearance of the sensing microzone is shown in Fig. 5.5.B. The oxygen optrode used was based on a 10-pm silicone rubber film containing dissolved decacyclene as indicator (S) that was fixed on a 110-pm thick polyester support (PS). A 9-pm black PTFE membrane (I) was used for optical insulation. The dye fluorescence was found to be markedly dependent on the concentration of oxygen, which exerted a quenching effect on it. The enzyme (glutamate oxidase) was immobilized on a 150-pm thick immunoaffmity membrane (E). The sensor was prepared similarly as reported by Trettnak et al. [7]. 

In addition, it has proved possible to successfully perfluorinate in the solid state, polynuclear hydrocarbons such as coronene (C24H12, 10), ovalene (C32H14, 11), and decacyclene (C36Hl8, 12).13... 

Benton and Schmitt38) described several carbonized syntactic materials using phenolic and carbon microspheres. The binders included wood resin, partially polymerized furfuryl alcohol, isotruxene, decacyclene, starch, and epoxy oligomers. Furfuryl alcohol and maleic anhydride were used as hardeners (Table 9). In addition solvents (metjiyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone) were added to improve... 

The decacyclene (DCY) also was used as fluorescence oxygen-sensing probe [54]. The Io/hoo values of PAHs in various polymer films are listed in Table 5 [54-58]. 

Attempts have been made to predict possible addition patterns. One approach considers the predominance of the decacyclene moiety in stable fullerenes, leading to the possibility that addition in which this moiety is retained would produce stable... 

Nothing is known of the structure of bake dyes made from nitrogen-free intermediates (i.e., from which thiazole rings cannot be formed). This group includes sulfur dyes prepared from decacyclene by sulfur baking (dry fusion process), such as C.I. Sulphur Brown 52, 53320 [1327-18-0] and also by the sulfurization of anthracene. The latter dye is thus exceptional because it is used only as a vat dye it is largely insoluble in sodium sulfide. 

Fig. 7. (a), (b) The complex molecules decacyclene (DC) and hexa-ferf-butyl-... 

Although the great majority of petroleum and coal-based pitch materials, as well as model compounds such as polyvinyl chloride, acenaphthylene, decacyclene and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, form anisotropic graphitizable carbons, it is an almost impossible task to predict the type of optical texture of a coke from an elemental analysis of the pitch. The size, shape and reactivity of peri-condensed polynuclear aromatic molecules in the products of pyrolysis of a pitch play a more important role in determining optical texture. 

Coupling of 8-iodo-l-naphthylacetylene (80) according to the Castro method afforded two polycyclic compounds, zethrene (83) and decacyclene (84), which would be derived from intramolecular cyclization of the intermediates, 81 and 82, respectively . All other attempts to prepare 81, e.g. the Castro coupling of la with 1,8-diiodonaphthalene, led to 83 and its derivatives because of the extreme proximity of the two parallel triple bonds, within van der Waals radii . ... 

A second example of chemical imprinting has been observed in the study of hexa-tertiarybutyl-decacyclene adsorption on the Cu(llO) surface (Fig. 4.11) [39, 40]. The structure of hexa-tertiarybutyl decacyclene is shown in Fig. 4.11a, b. Although the molecule is nominally flat, each of its three blades rotates slightly to reduce repulsions between the adjacent tertiary butyl groups, thus giving the... 

Fig. 4.11 Scanning tunneling micrographs of hexa-tertiarybutyl decacyclene adsorbed on the Cu(llO) surface. Figures (a) and (b) show the molecular structure which is chiral because the three blades of the propeUer-Kke structure are rotated out of the plane of the molecule, (c) The adsorbed molecules are imaged as six bright spots arising from the six i-butyl groups and the two enantiomers tend to aggregate into bimolecular rows of like chirality, (d) Removal of the molecules reveals the formation of chiral holes in the rows of the Cu(llO) surface. The adsorbed molecules imprint their chirality into the achiral Cu(l 10) surface. Reprinted with permission from [40]. Copyright 2001 American Physical Society...

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