DDBJ

GenBank (NCBI, USA) EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (Europe) DDBJ (Japan) The three main nucleotide sequence databases, which are synchronised daiiy... 

Sequences of the genes/cDNAs can be retrieved from databases on the Internet at various web sites. For example, GeneBank (at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI) is at http //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ Web/Search/index.html. The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence database (through the European Bioinformatic Institute, EBI) can be found at http //www.ebi.ac.uk/queries/queries.html, whilst that of the DNA Data Bank of Japan is at http //www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/. 

DDJB (http //www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/), DNA Data Bank of Japan. 

PIR provides also some degree of crossreferencing to other biomolecu-lar databases by linking to the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence databases, PDB, GDB, FlyBase, OMIM, SGD, and MGD. 

The next lines, the OS (Organism Species) and OC (Organism Classification), describe the species from which the protein has been derived. The OS line shows the scientific name of the organism and, if existing, the common English name. The OC lines give the taxonomic tree. SWISS-PROT, as well as the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide sequence databases, uses the NCBI taxonomy to standardize the taxonomies of the molecular sequence databases. 

Various verification steps have been introduced to ensure that SPTR is comprehensive and contains all relevant data sources. The main source of new protein sequences is the translations of CDS in the nucleotide sequence databases. The up-to-date inclusion of new protein sequence entries is ensured by the weekly translation of EMBL-NEW (the updates to the EMBL nucleotide sequence database). The three collaborating nucleotide sequence databases DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank exchange their data on a daily basis. Therefore any protein coding sequence submitted to DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank will appear in SPTR within 2 weeks in the worst case and within less than 1 week in the average case. 

The sequence data is compared to one or more of a proprietary (Microseq) or public (GenBank, http //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Databank, http //www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/ DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ), http //www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/) database for identification. Frequently, only a portion of the gene, such as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, especially the ITSl region of SSU rDNAl 30>55.56,58,59 variable D2 region of the LSU rDNA,l >53... 

Mus musculus (mouse, brain TTK cDNA nucleotide sequence, same accession number in EMBL/DDBJ [13]) [13]... 

GenBank is the NIH genetic sequence database, and an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences. It is part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, which comprises the GenBank at NCBI, DNA DataBank of Japan (DDBJ), and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). These three organizations exchange data on a daily basis. 

DataBank of Japan (DDBJ), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), and GenBank at NCBI. These three organizations exchange data on a daily basis. 

One of the central activities of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) (Emmert et ah, 1994) is development and distribution of the EMBL nucleotide sequence database (Stoesser et ah, 2001). This is a collaborative project with GenBank (NCBI, USA) and DDBJ (DNA database of Japan) to ensure that all the new and updated database entries are shared between the groups on a daily basis. The search of sequence databases and an access to various application tools can be approached from the home page of EBI at http //www.ebi.ac.uk/ (Figure 3.3). 

The Sequence Retrieval System (Etzold et ah, 1996) is a network browser for databases at EBI. The system allows users to retrieve, link, and access entries from all the interconnected resources such as nucleic acid, EST, protein sequence, protein pattern, protein structure, specialist/boutique, and/or bibliographic databases. The SRS is also a database browser of DDBJ, ExPASy, and a number of servers as the query system. The SRS can be accessed from EBI Tools server at http // www2.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/index.html or directly at http //srs6.ebi.ac.uk/. The SRS permits users to formulate queries across a range of different database types via a single interface in three different methods (Figure 3.4) ... 

DDBJ (Tateno et al, 2002) is the DNA Data Bank of Japan in collaboration with GenBank and EMBL. The database is produced, maintained, and distributed at the National Institute of Genetics. The entry of DDBJ follows the keywords adapted by the GenBank. 

The nucleotide sequences can be retrieved from one of the three IC (International Collaboration) nucleotide sequence repositories/databases GenBank, EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database, and DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ). The retrieval can be conducted via accession numbers or keywords. Keynet (http // www.ba.cnr.it/keynet.html) is a tree browsing database of keywords extracted from... 

The amino acid sequences can be searched and retrieved from the integrated retrieval sites such as Entrez (Schuler et al., 1996), SRS of EBI (http //srs.ebi.ac.uk/), and DDBJ (http //srs.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/index-e.html). From the Entrez home page (http //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez), select Protein to open the protein search page. Follow the same procedure described for the Nucleotide sequence (Chapter 9) to retrieve amino acid sequences of proteins in two formats GenPept and fasta. The GenPept format is similar to the GenBank format with annotated information, reference(s), and features. The amino acid sequences of the EBI are derived from the SWISS-PROT database. The retrieval system of the DDBJ consists of PIR, SWISS-PROT, and DAD, which returns sequences in the GenPept format. 

Similarity search can be performed with the FASTA program, though BLAST is easier to use. Both FASTA and BLAST homology searches are also available at EBI, PIR and DDBJ. The small P values indicate homologous sequences. 

The 3D-ID compatibility algorithm (Ito et ah, 1997) is applied to predict the secondary structures by threading at SSThread of DDBJ (http //www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/ E-mail/ssthread/www service.html). Paste the query sequence (fasta format) into the sequence box, enter your e-mail address, and click the Send button. The e-mail returns the threading result reporting the amino acid sequence with the predicted secondary structures (H for a. helix, E for / strand, and C for coil or other). 

DBGet DB link of GenomeNet, Japan DNA Database of Japan (DDBJ) EasySearcher 2 Entrez browser of NCBI Eur Bioinfo Institute (EBI) Eur Mol Biol Lab (EMBL) Excite... 

---