Serial data type

This introduces a new way in which sequences are used within a database. In previous chapters, the Serial data type was used to create a column of unique integers. When the Serial data type is used, a sequence is automatically created and the default value of the column is set to be the next value in the sequence. In this way, a unique set of integers is ensured. In the above example, more control is needed over the use of sequence values in the sample. id column. This is because this table may contain several rows with the same sample id, each with a different compound id. The sample consists then of all compounds in the sample table having the same sample id. 

All data of relevance (instrument types, serial numbers, column data, chromatographic parameters, auxiliary instruments, etc.) need to be listed in the documentation. Likewise, all chromatograms and other reports (detector noise, wavelength registration) are part of the file. The calculations must be traceable. All deviating results must be documented as well. The documentation is dated and signed by hand by the testing person and the customer (e.g. the laboratory head). 

A more recent development is to employ Local Area Networks (LANs) where the LAN is a serial communication link used as a data highway in the DCCS for the integration of intelligent terminals at the higher hierarchical levels. There are two principal types of LAN applicable to DCCS, viz. ... 

Laboratory QC data are classified as batch QC data and individual sample QC data. For all types of analysis, batch QC data originate from laboratory blanks, laboratory control samples, matrix spikes, and laboratory duplicates. Individual sample QC data in organic compound analysis are obtained from surrogate and internal standard recoveries. Matrix interference detection techniques (serial dilution tests, postdigestion spike additions, and MSA tests) are the source for individual sample QC checks in trace element analysis. (Chapter 4.4.4.5 addresses the trace element matrix interference detection techniques and the associated acceptance criteria.)... 

There are three types of data that can be entered in the cells of the spreadsheet number, date/time, and text. For multiple entries of serial number with constant increment, enter the initial value into the first cell, highlight the cells, and select Edit -> Fill -> Series. To fill multiple entries of the same value into a range, enter the value into the first cell, move the pointer to the right-hand corner of the active cell to activate fill handle (a bold crosshair), and drag it through the range. Data are edited with the usual cut, copy, and paste operations in the Edit menu and the decimal places of scientific numbers is controlled via dialog box in Format -> Cells. 

Prepare a plot of A4S0 versus the log of the inverse antibody dilution (a 1 10 dilution = 1, a 1 100 dilution = 2, etc.). Plot the data from all five primary antibody samples on a single graph for comparison. If the assay was successful, each antibody solution should produce a sigmoidal curve in this type of plot (see Fig. 17-5). The various primary antibody stock solutions were diluted prior to performing twofold serial dilutions across each row (see step 4). Keep this in mind when you construct your graph. 

PERPETUUM KG, Kulmbach Data Logger Dl-Sch 003/98 [EEx ia] I Ui=A Ii=4 (manufacturer) (type code) (serial number) (protection code) (limiting values for external circuits)... 

The parallel data transfer mode is simple to use and allows for greater flexibility than the serial mode. However, it requires numerous connections between the PIA and the A/D Converter, and is, therefore limited to those cases where the converter and computer are very close. This type of transmission is very popular in chromatographs which have a built-in dedicated computer. 

Figure 26. In serial dilution experiment, Spiegelman [73, 74] and co-workers obtained three successive mutants with increased adaptation to presence of ethidium bromide, a drug that interferes with replication. Experiment starts with population of 10 MDV strands (variant of Q -RNA comprising about 220 nucleotides that is well-adapted to Q -RNA-replicase). Population is amplified to about 10 copies and subsequently diluted to initial concentration. Iteration of this procedure led to final product, three-error mutant that was obtained after about 40 iterations. As replication rate data show, mutant is slightly inferior to wild type in absence of ethidium bromide but twice as efficient as wild type at final concentration of ethidium bromide.

If parallel communications are similar to taking the interstate, then serial communications are similar to taking a country road. In serial communications, each bit of data is sent one after another (single file, if you will) down one wire, and returns on a different wire in the same cable. There are three main types of serial interfaces available today Standard serial. Universal Serial Bus (USB), and FireWire. 

The serial mouse was the first major type of mouse interface, mainly because it made the most sense Mice send position information in a stream of coordinates, and the interface that handles small, continuous streams of data best is the serial interface. All computers came with at least one serial port that the mouse could use with its female DB-9 connector. If the serial port was of the 25-pin variety, the user could plug the mouse s DB-9 connector into the adapter that was usually included with the mouse (Figure 6.7) to allow it to work. Also, installing the mouse was as simple as connecting the mouse to an available serial port and installing the mouse driver software. For these reasons, the serial mouse became very popular. 

The next most popular peripheral connection method is parallel. Parallel connections transfer data 8 bits at a time as opposed to 1 bit at a time (as serial connections do). The most common peripheral connected via a parallel connection is a printer. Hence, parallel ports are often called printer ports. Additionally, newer parallel ports can connect devices like scanners and Zip drives to computers. Unfortunately, this doesn t work as well as other types of connection methods such as USB work because the parallel connection wasn t designed for connecting devices other than printing devices. Parallel was only designed to connect one peripheral at a time. 

DB connector Any of several types of cable connectors used for parallel or serial cables. The number following the letters DB (for data bus) indicates the number of pins that the connector usually has. 

A. Serial is the slowest option for printer communication type. With serial connection, data is sent one bit at a time with the overhead of communication parameters. See Chapter 7 for more information. 

---